AMIDO COMPOUNDS AS RORyt MODULATORS AND USES THEREOF

ABSTRACT

Amido compounds are disclosed that have a formula represented by the following: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     and wherein n1, n2, R 1a , R 1b , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and R 6  are as described herein. The compounds may be prepared as pharmaceutical compositions, and may be used for the prevention and treatment of a variety of conditions in mammals including humans, including by way of non-limiting example, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune disorders, cancer, and graft-versus-host disease.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to amido compounds capable of modulating RORγt activity and uses of such compounds to treat diseases or conditions related to RORγt activity. More particularly, the amido compounds may be used to diminish inflammation associated with an inflammatory disease or condition or to reduce symptoms associated with an autoimmune disorder. Also encompassed herein, are compositions of amido compounds, pharmaceutical compositions of amido compounds, assays and methods for using same to identify compounds capable of modulating RORγt activity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor (ROR) RORγ and its isoform RORγt (collectively “RORγ/γt”) play a major role in regulation of a variety of biological systems. To illustrate, RORγt has a central role in immune system development, homeostasis, and responses to microbial pathogens. For example, RORγt is required for the differentiation of Th17 cells (Ivanov, II et al. Cell, 2006, 126, 1121-33), a subset of T helper cells that protect the host from infection by secreting inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17, IL-17 (also called IL-17A), IL-17F, IL-22, and TNFα. These cytokines are signaling proteins that have been shown to be essential in regulating numerous immune responses, including inflammatory responses to antigens. Th17 cells have also recently been shown to have important roles in activating and directing immune responses in a variety of autoimmune diseases, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cancer (Weaver, C. et al. Ann. Rev. Immunol., 2007, 25, 821-52; Kryczek, I. et al. J. Immunol., 2007, 178, 6730-3; Cua, D. J. et al. Nature, 2003, 421, 744-8; Langrish, C. L. et al. J. Exp. Med., 2005, 201, 233-40; Yen, D. et al. J. Clin. Invest., 2006, 116, 1310-6), and graft-versus-host disease (Carlson, M. J. et al. Blood, 28 Oct. 2008. [Epub ahead of print]; Kappel, L. W. et al. Blood, 17 Oct. 2008. [Epub ahead of print]). Th17 cells have also been implicated in asthma, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis (Tzartos, J. S., et al. Am. J. Pathology, 2008, 172, 146-55; Yu, J. J., and Gaffen, S. L. Front. Biosci., 2008, 13, 170-77; and Zheng, Y. et al. Nature, 2007, 445, 648-51), and Crohn's disease (Duerr, R. H., et al. Science, 2006, 314, 1461-63). Additionally, it has been shown that mice defective for expression of RORγt lack Th17 cells and are resistant to a variety of autoimmune diseases and that the absence of Th17-producing microbiota in the small intestine of mice alters the Th17: regulatory T (Treg) cell balance with implications for intestinal immunity, tolerance, and susceptibility to inflammatory bowel diseases (Ivanov, I. I. Cell Host & Microbe, 2008, 4, 337-49).

The formation of immune cell aggregates, such as cryptopatches (CP) and isolated lymphoid follicles (ILF), which contain RORγt expressing cells, is known to be a vital step in many immune responses. For example, CPs and ILFs are required for mucosal immunity and for production of the intestinal antibody IgA. Such immune responses can result in inflammation in various diseases, such as Crohn's disease. The ability to inhibit such immune responses by inhibiting the formation of immune cell aggregates may offer another way to treat diseases associated with such responses.

T-cells have also been demonstrated to play a role in diseases characterized by bone loss and degradation, such as osteoarthritis. For example, in autoimmune arthritis, activation of T cells results in bone destruction mediated by osteoclasts. Th17, whose differentiation is regulated by RORγt, has been shown to be osteoclastogenic, thus linking T cell activation and bone resorption (Sato, K. et al. J. Ex. Med., 2008, 203, 2673-82). Thus, the ability to regulate Th17 cell differentiation via RORγt modulation may offer a way to treat bone loss and degradation, such as that associated with autoimmune disease. Furthermore, interferon gamma (IFN-γ) suppresses osteoclast formation by rapidly degrading the RANK adaptor protein TRAF6 in the RANK-RANKL signaling pathway, and RORγt has been shown to down-regulate the production of IFN-γ (Ivanov, I. I. et al. Cell, 2006, 126, 1121-33). Thus, the ability to regulate osteoclast formation through modulation of RORγt-mediated IFN-γ osteoclast suppression may provide additional methods to treat bone loss and degradation, such as that associated with autoimmune disease (e.g., osteoarthritis).

Circadian rhythm relates to an approximately daily periodicity in the biochemical, physiological or behavioral processes of living beings, including plants, animals, fungi and some bacteria. Members of the ROR family of orphan nuclear receptors have been implicated in regulation of control of circadian clock function by regulation of clock genes (Ueda, H. R. et al. Nature, 2002, 418, 534-39; Sato, T. K. et al. Neuron, 2004, 43, 527-37), and RORγ/γt has been implicated in the regulation of genes that govern circadian metabolism (Kumaki, Y. et al. PNAS, 2008, 105, 14946-51; Liu, C. et al. Nature, 2007, 447, 477-81). Moreover, RORγ gene expression is known to oscillate in a circadian manner in metabolically active tissues such as liver and brown adipose tissue (Yang, X. et al., Cell, 2006, 126, 801-10), which further confirms that a role exists for RORγ in regulating circadian function. Hence, the ability to modulate RORγ/γt expression may also result in circadian rhythm regulation and treatment of disorders associated with disruption of circadian rhythm. Since circadian rhythm is integral in maintaining metabolic levels, whose imbalance is linked to obesity and diabetes, modulators of RORγ/γt may also be useful in treating obesity and diabetes through regulation of circadian rhythm.

In view of the above, a need exists for therapeutic agents, and corresponding pharmaceutical compositions and related methods of treatment that address conditions causally related to RORγt activity, and it is toward the fulfillment and satisfaction of that need, that the present invention is directed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a method for preventing, treating or ameliorating in a mammal a disease or condition that is causally related to RORγ or RORγt activity in vivo, which comprises administering to the mammal an effective disease-treating or condition-treating amount of a compound according to formula I:

-   -   wherein     -   each n1 and n2 is independently 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;     -   each R^(1a) and R^(1b) is independently H, substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or CN; or     -   R^(1a) and R^(1b) joined together to form cycloalkyl ring;     -   R² is H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl;     -   or one of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is joined to the C of CR² to form a         cyclopropyl ring; or R² is joined to the C of CR^(1a)R^(1b) to         form a cyclopropyl ring;     -   each R³ and R⁴ is independently selected from H, OH, substituted         or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy,         substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted         acylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted         or unsubstituted alkythio, substituted or unsubstituted         alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylarylamino,         substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted         arylalkyl, sulfo, substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl,         substituted sulfinyl, substituted sulfanyl, substituted or         unsubstituted aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted         alkylsulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido,         substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano,         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted         heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted         or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thiol; or any two adjacent R³         groups, or any two adjacent R⁴ groups may joined together to         form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic         ring;     -   each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, substituted or         unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted         heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, and         substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl; or         -   R⁵ and R⁶, together with the N they are attached to, form a             4-12 membered substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl;     -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug         thereof;     -   and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, the compound is according to formula Ia:

wherein

Cy is substituted or unsubstituted 4-12 membered substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl;

-   -   and wherein n1, n2, R^(1a), R^(1b), R², R³, and R⁴ are as         described for formula I;     -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug         thereof;     -   and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula Ia, Cy is substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperizinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, indolinyl, or azepinyl. In another embodiment, Cy is unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperizinyl, morpholinyl, or azepinyl. In a particular embodiment, Cy is piperidinyl or piperizinyl.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a compound according to formula III:

-   -   wherein     -   A is C, N, O, or S; m is 0 or 1;     -   n1 is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; n2 is 1, 2, or 3;     -   each R^(1a) and R^(1b) is independently H, substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or CN; or     -   R^(1a) and R^(1b) joined together to form cycloalkyl ring;     -   R² is H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl;     -   or one of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is joined to the C of CR² to form a         cyclopropyl ring; or R² is joined to the C of CR^(1a)R^(1b) to         form a cyclopropyl ring;     -   each R³ and R⁴ is independently selected from H, OH, substituted         or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy,         substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted         acylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted         or unsubstituted alkythio, substituted or unsubstituted         alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylarylamino,         substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted         arylalkyl, sulfo, substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl,         substituted sulfinyl, substituted sulfanyl, substituted or         unsubstituted aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted         alkylsulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido,         substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano,         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted         heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted         or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thiol; or any two adjacent R³         groups, or any two adjacent R⁴ groups, or any two adjacent R⁴         and R^(7b) groups, may joined together to form a substituted or         unsubstituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;     -   each R^(5a) is alkyl, substituted alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,         hydroxyalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CN, alkoxyalkyl, amido,         hydroxyl, alkoxy or substituted alkoxy; and t is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   R^(7a) is OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl,         substituted or unsubstituted acylamino, substituted or         unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkythio,         substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or         unsubstituted alkylarylamino, substituted or unsubstituted         amino, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, sulfo,         substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl, substituted sulfinyl,         substituted sulfanyl, substituted or unsubstituted         aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfonyl,         substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido, substituted or         unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano, substituted or         unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,         substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thio; and     -   R^(7b) is H, OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted         or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl,         substituted or unsubstituted acylamino, substituted or         unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkythio,         substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or         unsubstituted alkylarylamino, substituted or unsubstituted         amino, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, sulfo,         substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl, substituted sulfinyl,         substituted sulfanyl, substituted or unsubstituted         aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfonyl,         substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido, substituted or         unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano, substituted or         unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,         substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thio;     -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug         thereof;         -   and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof;     -   provided that         -   i) when t is 1, m is 1, A is C, each of R^(1a), R^(1b) and             R² is H, R⁴ is 4-OMe, and one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH and             the other is OMe; then R^(5a) is other than 2-Me;         -   ii) when t is 1, m is 1, A is N, and each of R^(1a), R^(1b)             and R² is H, R⁴ is OMe, one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH and             the other is OMe; then R^(5a) is other than 4-Ph;         -   iii) when each of R^(1a), R^(1b), R² and R³ is H, one of             R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH, Cl, Br, Me, or F, and the other is             H; then t is other than 0, and R^(5a) is other than benzyl,             acetyl, cyclopentyl, Me, OH, CH₂OMe, CH₂OH, CH₂CH₂OMe,             CH₂CH₂OH, OMe, CO₂Me, CO₂Et, or CONH₂;         -   iv) when t is 0, each of R^(1a), R^(1b), R² is H, R⁴ is             4-OMe or 4-Me, and one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH and the             other is OMe or Me; then R³ is other than 4-OMe, 4-NMe₂, or             3,4-methylenedioxy;         -   v) the (R³)_(n1)-Ph- group is other than substituted or             unsubstituted benzopyranyl;         -   vi) when each of R¹, R^(1b), R² and R³ is H, one of R^(7a)             and R^(7b) is OH, OMe, Cl, Br, Me, or F, and the other is H;             then one of (R³)_(n1)-Ph- group is other than unsubstituted             phenyl; and         -   vii) when each of R^(1a), R^(1b), R² and R³ is H, one of             R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OMe, and the other is H; then one of             (R³)_(n1)-Ph- group is other than unsubstituted naphthyl.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compound of formula III, R^(7b) is other than H.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compound of formula III, when m is 1, A is N; then the N can be substituted or unsubstituted. In one embodiment A is NH. In another embodiment, A is N—R^(5a) and R^(5a) is as described herein.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a heterocyclic compound of the invention, and a pharmaceutical carrier, excipient or diluent. In this aspect of the invention, the pharmaceutical composition can comprise one or more of the compounds described herein. Moreover, the compounds of the present invention useful in the pharmaceutical compositions and treatment methods disclosed herein, are all pharmaceutically acceptable as prepared and used.

In a further aspect, this invention provides a method of treating a mammal susceptible to or afflicted with a condition from among those listed herein, and particularly, such condition as may be associated with RORγt. Such conditions include, without limitation, multiple sclerosis (and the animal model thereof, EAE), rheumatoid arthritis (and the animal model thereof, CIA), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), cancer, graft-versus-host disease, asthma, psoriasis, diabetes, uveitis, bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arteriosclerosis, and H. pylori infections and ulcers resulting from such infection.

In a further aspect, an assay for screening to identify modulators of RORγ/γt transcriptional activity is envisioned, the assay comprising a first insect cell line that expresses a fusion protein (SEQ ID NO: 2; encoded by SEQ ID NO: 1) comprising a RORγ/γt sequence, wherein the RORγ/γt sequence does not comprise the DNA binding domain (DBD) of full length RORγ/γt and a yeast GAL4 DBD, wherein expression of the fusion protein is transcriptionally regulated by an inducible promoter, and wherein the first insect cell line further comprises a reporter, whose expression is upregulated in the presence of the fusion protein. Accordingly, the component of the fusion protein representative of RORγ/γt sequences is a DBD-deleted RORγ/γt sequence. The fusion protein is essentially a chimeric protein wherein the RORγ/γt DBD is deleted from the RORγ/γt sequences and replaced with the yeast GAL4 DNA binding domain DBD. In a particular embodiment, the Gal4 DNA binding domain (G4DBD) corresponds to amino acids 1 through 147 of Gal4 protein and the DBD-deleted RORγ/γt sequence is amino acids 79 to the carboxyl terminal end. Accordingly, the G4DBD corresponds to amino acids 1-147 of SEQ ID NO: 2 and the DBD-deleted RORγ/γt sequence corresponds to amino acids 148-564 of SEQ ID NO: 2. In a particular embodiment, the inducible promoter is a copper inducible promoter.

In an embodiment of the assay, the reporter is transcriptionally regulated by a plurality of copies of the GAL4 binding site enhancer (UAS) operatively linked to nucleic acid sequences encoding the reporter. In a particular embodiment of the assay, the plurality of copies of the GAL4 binding site enhancer (UAS) is between 1 and 5 copies. In a more particular embodiment, the reporter is the firefly luciferase reporter.

In an aspect of the assay, the first insect cell line is the S2 cell line. In another aspect of the assay, the fusion protein is encoded by nucleic acids that are integrated into the genome of the first insect cell line or encoded by extrachromosomal nucleic acids incorporated into the first insect cell line. Accordingly, the assay may relate to stably transfected cell line or a transiently transfected cell line. The choice of stably or transiently transfected cell line depends, in part, on the number of compounds to be tested and availability and cost of assay reagents required.

As described herein, the assay may further comprise a second insect cell line that expresses a second fusion protein (SEQ ID NO: 4; encoded by SEQ ID NO: 3) comprising a RORα sequence, wherein the RORα sequence does not comprise the DBD of full length RORα sequence and a yeast GAL4 DBD; a third insect cell line that expresses a third fusion protein (SEQ ID NO: 6; encoded by SEQ ID NO: 5) comprising a DHR3 sequence, wherein the DHR3 sequence does not comprise the DNA binding domain (DBD) of full length DHR3 sequence and a yeast GAL4 DBD, and a fourth insect cell line that expresses a fourth fusion protein (SEQ ID NO: 8; encoded by SEQ ID NO: 7) comprising a transcriptionally active domain of general transcriptional activator VP16 and a yeast GAL4 DBD, wherein expression of the second, third and fourth fusion proteins is transcriptionally regulated by inducible promoters. In a particular embodiment, the DBD-deleted mouse RORα sequence is amino acids 142 to the carboxyl terminal end of mouse RORα and the DBD-deleted Drosophila DHR3 is amino acids 120 to the carboxyl terminal end of Drosophila DHR3. Accordingly, the G4DBD corresponds to amino acids 1-147 of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 6, and 8 and the DBD-deleted RORα sequence corresponds to amino acids 148-529 of SEQ ID NO: 4, the DBD-deleted DHR3 sequence corresponds to amino acids 148-513 of SEQ ID NO: 6, and the VP16 sequence corresponds to amino acids 148-231 of SEQ ID NO: 8. In an embodiment, inducible promoters regulating expression of the first, second, third, and fourth fusion proteins are identical promoters. In yet another embodiment, the inducible promoters regulating expression of the first, second, third, and fourth fusion proteins are copper inducible promoters.

Methods for using the assay of the invention are also encompassed herein. Such methods include those involving use of the cell-based assay systems described herein to screen diverse compound libraries, such as those available from research institutions, federal agencies, and/or commercial vendors, to identify modulators of RORγ/γt transcriptional activity. Modulators of RORγ/γt transcriptional activity may be identified based on results determined using the first insect cell-based assay system described herein alone or in combination with at least one of the second, third, and fourth insect cell-based assay systems described herein to identify compounds that are specific modulators of RORγ/γt transcriptional activity. Modulators identified using assays described herein may be identified as inhibitors or agonists of RORγ/γt transcriptional activity. Compounds identified using the cell based systems described herein may be assessed in secondary screens, also described herein and understood in the art, to validate their identity as bona fide modulators of RORγ/γt transcriptional activity.

Other objects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the ensuing detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the structures of RORγ specific compounds with inverse agonist or antagonist activity.

FIGS. 2A-D illustrate the RORγ specific inhibitory activity of the compounds shown therein and the structures of related compounds that fail to inhibit RORγ activity.

FIG. 3 shows a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) plot analysis revealing the effects of RORγ inhibitory compounds on mouse Th17 differentiation.

FIG. 4 shows a FACS plot analysis revealing that RORγ inhibitory compounds do not inhibit mouse Th1 differentiation.

FIG. 5 shows a FACS plot analysis revealing that RORγ inhibitory compounds 166547 and 166488 inhibit RORγ overexpression dependent, but not RORα dependent, IL17a production in human CD4 T cells.

FIGS. 6A-B show a FACs plot showing that (A) Compound NCGC00238427 selectively inhibits RORγ. Flow cytometry of IL-17a and IFN-γ production by cord blood naive CD4⁺T cells (CD45RO⁻CD45RA⁺CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁻HLA-DR⁻)transduced with RORαd-IRES-GFP or RORγt-IRES-GFP on day 1 and analyzed on day 6. GFP expressing cells were gated for analysis. DMSO or N2 (3 μM) was added 6-8 h after viral transduction; and (B) Compound NCGC00238427 inhibits human Th17 cell differentiation at as low as 1 μM. Flow cytometry of IL-17a and IFN-γ production by human naive cord blood T cells (CD45RO⁻D45RA⁺CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁻HLA-DR⁻), which were cultured for six days in presence of IL2, IL23 and IL1β, and with various concentrations of TGFβ (ng/ml). DMSO or N2 was added 16 hours after the cytokine addition.

FIGS. 7A-B depict the (A) the structure of NCGC00238427 and (B) plots demonstrating that RORγt activity is important for maintenance of human Th17 cells. Human memory (CD45RO⁺CD45RA⁻CD3⁺CD4⁺CCR6⁺CD161⁺) cells were purified from healthy donor peripheral blood samples and were cultured in the presence of IL-1β, IL-23 and IL-2 for 6 days with or without NCGC00238427 (3 μM). Intracellular staining for IFN-γ or IL-17a in memory CD4⁺T cells from multiple donors, assessed on day 6. Each symbol (n=11 or 9, respectively) indicates a separate donor. Statistical analysis was by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t test; IL-17a⁻IFN-γ⁺, not significant and IL-17a⁺IFN-γ^(+/−), p=0.02.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

When describing the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and methods of using such compounds and compositions, the following terms have the following meanings unless otherwise indicated. It should also be understood that any of the moieties defined forth below may be substituted with a variety of substituents, and that the respective definitions are intended to include such substituted moieties within their scope. It should be further understood that the terms “groups” and “radicals” can be considered interchangeable when used herein.

“Acyl” refers to a radical —C(O)R²⁰, where R²⁰ is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl as defined herein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, formyl, acetyl, cyclohexylcarbonyl, cyclohexylmethylcarbonyl, benzoyl, benzylcarbonyl and the like.

“Acylamino” refers to a radical —NR²¹C(O)R²², where R²¹ is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl and R²² is hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroaryl or heteroarylalkyl, as defined herein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, formylamino, acetylamino, cyclohexylcarbonylamino, cyclohexylmethyl-carbonylamino, benzoylamino, benzylcarbonylamino and the like.

“Acyloxy” refers to the group —OC(O)R²³ where R²³ is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or cycloalkyl.

“Substituted alkenyl” includes those groups recited in the definition of “substituted” herein, and particularly refers to an alkenyl group having 1 or more substituents, for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, and particularly from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, nitro, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioketo, thiol, alkyl-S(O)—, aryl-S(O)—, alkyl-S(O)₂— and aryl-S(O)₂—.

“Alkoxy” refers to the group —OR²⁴ where R²⁴ is alkyl. Particular alkoxy groups include, by way of example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, 1,2-dimethylbutoxy, and the like.

“Substituted alkoxy” includes those groups recited in the definition of “substituted” herein, and particularly refers to an alkoxy group having 1 or more substituents, for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, and particularly from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, halogen, heteroaryl, hydroxyl, keto, nitro, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioketo, thiol, alkyl-S(O)—, aryl-S(O)—, alkyl-S(O)₂— and aryl-S(O)₂—.

“Alkoxycarbonylamino” refers to the group —NR²⁵C(O)OR²⁶, where R²⁵ is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or cycloalkyl, and R²⁶ is alkyl or cycloalkyl.

“Alkyl” refers to monovalent saturated alkane radical groups particularly having up to about 11 carbon atoms, more particularly as a lower alkyl, from 1 to 8 carbon atoms and still more particularly, from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The hydrocarbon chain may be either straight-chained or branched. This term is exemplified by groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, tert-octyl and the like. The term “lower alkyl” refers to alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The term “alkyl” also includes “cycloalkyls” as defined below.

“Substituted alkyl” includes those groups recited in the definition of “substituted” herein, and particularly refers to an alkyl group having 1 or more substituents, for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, and particularly from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, heteroaryl, keto, nitro, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioketo, thiol, alkyl-S(O)—, aryl-S(O)—, alkyl-S(O)₂—, and aryl-S(O)₂—.

“Alkylene” refers to divalent saturated alkene radical groups having 1 to 11 carbon atoms and more particularly 1 to 6 carbon atoms which can be straight-chained or branched. This term is exemplified by groups such as methylene (—CH₂—), ethylene (—CH₂CH₂—), the propylene isomers (e.g., —CH₂CH₂CH₂— and —CH(CH₃)CH₂—) and the like.

“Substituted alkylene” includes those groups recited in the definition of “substituted” herein, and particularly refers to an alkylene group having 1 or more substituents, for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, and particularly from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, amino-carbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, nitro, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioketo, thiol, alkyl-S(O)—, aryl-S(O)—, alkyl-S(O)₂— and aryl-S(O)₂—.

“Alkenyl” refers to monovalent olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbyl groups preferably having 2 to 11 carbon atoms, particularly, from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, and more particularly, from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, which can be straight-chained or branched and having at least 1 and particularly from 1 to 2 sites of olefinic unsaturation. Particular alkenyl groups include ethenyl (—CH═CH₂), n-propenyl (—CH₂CH═CH₂), isopropenyl (—C(CH₃)═CH₂), vinyl and substituted vinyl, and the like.

“Alkenylene” refers to divalent olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbyl groups particularly having up to about 11 carbon atoms and more particularly 2 to 6 carbon atoms which can be straight-chained or branched and having at least 1 and particularly from 1 to 2 sites of olefinic unsaturation. This term is exemplified by groups such as ethenylene (—CH═CH—), the propenylene isomers (e.g., —CH═CHCH₂— and —C(CH₃)═CH— and —CH═C(CH₃)—) and the like.

“Alkynyl” refers to acetylenically or alkynically unsaturated hydrocarbyl groups particularly having 2 to 11 carbon atoms, and more particularly 2 to 6 carbon atoms which can be straight-chained or branched and having at least 1 and particularly from 1 to 2 sites of alkynyl unsaturation. Particular non-limiting examples of alkynyl groups include acetylenic, ethynyl (—C∂CH), propargyl (—CH₂C∂CH), and the like.

“Substituted alkynyl” includes those groups recited in the definition of “substituted” herein, and particularly refers to an alkynyl group having 1 or more substituents, for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, and particularly from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, nitro, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioketo, thiol, alkyl-S(O)—, aryl-S(O)—, alkyl-S(O)₂— and aryl-S(O)₂—.

“Alkanoyl” or “acyl” as used herein refers to the group R²⁷—C(O)—, where R²⁷ is hydrogen or alkyl as defined above.

“Aryl” refers to a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system. Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived from aceanthrylene, acenaphthylene, acephenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, coronene, fluoranthene, fluorene, hexacene, hexaphene, hexalene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, octacene, octaphene, octalene, ovalene, penta-2,4-diene, pentacene, pentalene, pentaphene, perylene, phenalene, phenanthrene, picene, pleiadene, pyrene, pyranthrene, rubicene, triphenylene, trinaphthalene and the like. Particularly, an aryl group comprises from 6 to 14 carbon atoms.

“Substituted Aryl” includes those groups recited in the definition of “substituted” herein, and particularly refers to an aryl group that may optionally be substituted with 1 or more substituents, for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, particularly 1 to 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thiol, alkyl-S(O)—, aryl-S(O)—, alkyl-S(O)₂— and aryl-S(O)₂—.

“Fused Aryl” refers to an aryl having two of its ring carbon in common with a second aryl ring or with an aliphatic ring.

“Alkaryl” refers to an aryl group, as defined above, substituted with one or more alkyl groups, as defined above.

“Aralkyl” or “arylalkyl” refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, substituted with one or more aryl groups, as defined above.

“Aryloxy” refers to —O-aryl groups wherein “aryl” is as defined above.

“Alkylamino” refers to the group alkyl-NR²⁸R²⁹, wherein each of R²⁸ and R²⁹ are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl.

“Acylamino” refers to the group aryl-NR³⁰R³¹, wherein each of R³⁰ and R³¹ are independently selected from hydrogen, aryl and heteroaryl.

“Alkoxyamino” refers to a radical —N(H)OR³² where R³² represents an alkyl or cycloalkyl group as defined herein.

“Alkoxycarbonyl” refers to a radical —C(O)-alkoxy where alkoxy is as defined herein.

“Alkylarylamino” refers to a radical —NR³³R³⁴ where R³³ represents an alkyl or cycloalkyl group and R³⁴ is an aryl as defined herein.

“Alkylsulfonyl” refers to a radical —S(O)₂R³⁵ where R³⁵ is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group as defined herein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methylsulfonyl, ethylsulfonyl, propylsulfonyl, butylsulfonyl and the like.

“Alkylsulfinyl” refers to a radical —S(O)R³⁵ where R³⁵ is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group as defined herein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, propylsulfinyl, butylsulfinyl and the like.

“Alkylthio” refers to a radical —SR³⁵ where R³⁵ is an alkyl or cycloalkyl group as defined herein that may be optionally substituted as defined herein. Representative examples include, but are not limited to, methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, butylthio, and the like.

“Amino” refers to the radical —NH₂.

“Substituted amino” includes those groups recited in the definition of “substituted” herein, and particularly refers to the group —N(R³⁶)₂ where each R³⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, and where both R groups are joined to form an alkylene group. When both R groups are hydrogen, —N(R³⁶)₂ is an amino group.

“Aminocarbonyl” refers to the group —C(O)NR³⁷R³⁷ where each R³⁷ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and cycloalkyl, or where the R³⁷ groups are joined to form an alkylene group.

“Aminocarbonylamino” refers to the group —NR³⁸C(O)NR³⁸R³⁸ where each R³⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or cycloalkyl, or where two R groups are joined to form an alkylene group.

“Aminocarbonyloxy” refers to the group —OC(O)NR³⁹R³⁹ where each R³⁹ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or cycloalky, or where the R groups are joined to form an alkylene group.

“Arylalkyloxy” refers to an —O-arylalkyl radical where arylalkyl is as defined herein.

“Acylamino” means a radical —NHR⁴⁰ where R⁴⁰ represents an aryl group as defined herein.

“Aryloxycarbonyl” refers to a radical —C(O)—O-aryl where aryl is as defined herein.

“Arylsulfonyl” refers to a radical —S(O)₂R⁴¹ where R⁴¹ is an aryl or heteroaryl group as defined herein.

“Azido” refers to the radical —N₃.

“Bicycloaryl” refers to a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent bicycloaromatic ring system. Typical bicycloaryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived from indane, indene, naphthalene, tetrahydronaphthalene, and the like. Particularly, an aryl group comprises from 8 to 11 carbon atoms.

“Bicycloheteroaryl” refers to a monovalent bicycloheteroaromatic group derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single atom of a parent bicycloheteroaromatic ring system. Typical bicycloheteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived from benzofuran, benzimidazole, benzindazole, benzdioxane, chromene, chromane, cinnoline, phthalazine, indole, indoline, indolizine, isobenzofuran, isochromene, isoindole, isoindoline, isoquinoline, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, naphthyridine, benzoxadiazole, pteridine, purine, benzopyran, benzpyrazine, pyridopyrimidine, quinazoline, quinoline, quinolizine, quinoxaline, benzomorphan, tetrahydroisoquinoline, tetrahydroquinoline, and the like. Preferably, the bicycloheteroaryl group is between 9-11 membered bicycloheteroaryl, with 5-10 membered heteroaryl being particularly preferred. Particular bicycloheteroaryl groups are those derived from benzothiophene, benzofuran, benzothiazole, indole, quinoline, isoquinoline, benzimidazole, benzoxazole and benzdioxane.

“Carbamoyl” refers to the radical —C(O)N(R⁴²)₂ where each R⁴² group is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl or aryl, as defined herein, which may be optionally substituted as defined herein.

“Carboxy” refers to the radical —C(O)OH.

“Carboxyamino” refers to the radical —N(H)C(O)OH.

“Cycloalkyl” refers to cyclic hydrocarbyl groups having from 3 to about 10 carbon atoms and having a single cyclic ring or multiple condensed rings, including fused and bridged ring systems, which optionally can be substituted with from 1 to 3 alkyl groups. Such cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, single ring structures such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl, 1-methylcyclopropyl, 2-methylcyclopentyl, 2-methylcyclooctyl, and the like, and multiple ring structures such as adamantanyl, and the like.

“Substituted cycloalkyl” includes those groups recited in the definition of “substituted” herein, and particularly refers to a cycloalkyl group having 1 or more substituents, for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, and particularly from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, nitro, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioketo, thiol, alkyl-S(O)—, aryl-S(O)—, alkyl-S(O)₂— and aryl-S(O)₂—.

“Cycloalkoxy” refers to the group —OR⁴³ where R⁴³ is cycloalkyl. Such cycloalkoxy groups include, by way of example, cyclopentoxy, cyclohexoxy and the like.

“Cycloalkenyl” refers to cyclic hydrocarbyl groups having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms and having a single cyclic ring or multiple condensed rings, including fused and bridged ring systems and having at least one and particularly from 1 to 2 sites of olefinic unsaturation. Such cycloalkenyl groups include, by way of example, single ring structures such as cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopropenyl, and the like.

“Substituted cycloalkenyl” includes those groups recited in the definition of “substituted” herein, and particularly refers to a cycloalkenyl group having 1 or more substituents, for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, and particularly from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, nitro, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioketo, thiol, alkyl-S(O)—, aryl-S(O)—, alkyl-S(O)₂— and aryl-S(O)₂—.

“Fused Cycloalkenyl” refers to a cycloalkenyl having two of its ring carbon atoms in common with a second aliphatic or aromatic ring and having its olefinic unsaturation located to impart aromaticity to the cycloalkenyl ring.

“Cyanato” refers to the radical —OCN.

“Cyano” refers to the radical —CN.

“Dialkylamino” means a radical —NR⁴⁴R⁴⁵ where R⁴⁴ and R⁴⁵ independently represent an alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl group as defined herein.

“Ethenyl” refers to substituted or unsubstituted —(C═C)—.

“Ethylene” refers to substituted or unsubstituted —(C—C)—.

“Ethynyl” refers to —(C≡C)—.

“Halo” or “halogen” refers to fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo. Preferred halo groups are either fluoro or chloro.

“Hydroxy” refers to the radical —OH.

“Nitro” refers to the radical —NO₂.

“Substituted” refers to a group in which one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with the same or different substituent(s). Typical substituents include, but are not limited to, —X, —R⁴⁶, —O⁻, ═O, —OR⁴⁶, —SR⁴⁶, —S⁻, ═S, —NR⁴⁶R⁴⁷, ═NR⁴⁶, —CX₃, —CF₃, —CN, —OCN, —SCN, —NO, —NO₂, ═N₂, —N₃, —S(O)₂O⁻, —S(O)₂OH, —S(O)₂R⁴⁶, —OS(O₂)O⁻, —OS(O)₂R⁴⁶R⁴⁷, —P(O)(O⁻)₂, —P(O)(OR⁴⁶)(O⁻), —OP(O)(OR⁴⁶)(OR⁴⁷), —C(O)R⁴⁶, —C(S)R⁴⁶, —C(O)OR⁴⁶, —C(O)NR⁴⁶R⁴⁷, —C(O)O⁻, —C(S)OR⁴⁶, —NR⁴⁸C(O)NR⁴⁶R⁴⁷, —NR⁴⁸C(S)NR⁴⁶R⁴⁷, —NR⁴⁹C(NR⁴⁸)NR⁴⁶R⁴⁷ and —C(NR⁴⁸)NR⁴⁶R⁴⁷, where each X is independently a halogen; each R⁴⁶, R⁴⁷, R⁴⁸ and R⁴⁹ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, arylalkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, substituted heteroarylalkyl, —NR⁵⁰R⁵¹, —C(O)R⁵⁰ or —S(O)₂R⁵⁰ or optionally R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ together with the atom to which they are both attached form a cycloheteroalkyl or substituted cycloheteroalkyl ring; and R⁵⁰ and R⁵¹ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted alkyl, arylalkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, substituted cycloheteroalkyl, heteroalkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl or substituted heteroarylalkyl.

Examples of representative substituted aryls include the following

In these formulae one of R⁵² and R⁵³ may be hydrogen and at least one of R⁵² and R⁵³ is each independently selected from alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloheteroalkyl, alkanoyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, heteroaryloxy, alkylamino, arylamino, heteroarylamino, NR⁵⁴COR⁵⁵, NR⁵⁴SOR⁵⁵, NR⁵⁴SO₂R⁵⁷, COOalkyl, COOaryl, CONR⁵⁴R⁵⁵, CONR⁵⁴OR⁵⁵, NR⁵⁴R⁵⁵, SO₂NR⁵⁴R⁵⁵, S-alkyl, S-alkyl, SOalkyl, SO₂alkyl, Saryl, SOaryl, SO₂aryl; or R⁵² and R⁵³ may be joined to form a cyclic ring (saturated or unsaturated) from 5 to 8 atoms, optionally containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group N, O or S. R⁵⁴, R⁵⁵, and R⁵⁶ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, perfluoroalkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted or hetero alkyl or the like.

“Hetero” when used to describe a compound or a group present on a compound means that one or more carbon atoms in the compound or group have been replaced by a nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur heteroatom. Hetero may be applied to any of the hydrocarbyl groups described above such as alkyl, e.g. heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, e.g. cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, e.g. heteroaryl, cycloalkenyl, cycloheteroalkenyl, and the like having from 1 to 5, and especially from 1 to 3 heteroatoms.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a monovalent heteroaromatic group derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single atom of a parent heteroaromatic ring system. Typical heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups derived from acridine, arsindole, carbazole, β-carboline, chromane, chromene, cinnoline, furan, imidazole, indazole, indole, indoline, indolizine, isobenzofuran, isochromene, isoindole, isoindoline, isoquinoline, isothiazole, isoxazole, naphthyridine, oxadiazole, oxazole, perimidine, phenanthridine, phenanthroline, phenazine, phthalazine, pteridine, purine, pyran, pyrazine, pyrazole, pyridazine, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, pyrrolizine, quinazoline, quinoline, quinolizine, quinoxaline, tetrazole, thiadiazole, thiazole, thiophene, triazole, xanthene, and the like. Preferably, the heteroaryl group is between 5-15 membered heteroaryl, with 5-10 membered heteroaryl being particularly preferred. Particular heteroaryl groups are those derived from thiophene, pyrrole, benzothiophene, benzofuran, indole, pyridine, quinoline, imidazole, oxazole and pyrazine.

Examples of representative heteroaryls include the following:

wherein each Y is selected from carbonyl, N, NR⁵⁸, O, and S; and R⁵⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalkyl or the like.

As used herein, the term “cycloheteroalkyl” refers to a stable heterocyclic non-aromatic ring and fused rings containing one or more heteroatoms independently selected from N, O and S. A fused heterocyclic ring system may include carbocyclic rings and need only include one heterocyclic ring. Examples of heterocyclic rings include, but are not limited to, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, piperidinyl and morpholinyl, and are shown in the following illustrative examples:

wherein each X is selected from CR⁵⁸ ₂, NR⁵⁸, O and S; and each Y is selected from NR⁵⁸, O and S; and R⁵⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalkyl or the like. These cycloheteroalkyl rings may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, nitro, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioketo, thiol, alkyl-S(O)—, aryl-S(O)—, alkyl-S(O)₂— and aryl-S(O)₂—. Substituting groups include carbonyl or thiocarbonyl which provide, for example, lactam and urea derivatives.

Examples of representative cycloheteroalkenyls include the following:

wherein each X is selected from CR⁵⁸ ₂, NR⁵⁸, O and S; and each Y is selected from carbonyl, N, NR⁵⁸, O and S; and R⁵⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalkyl or the like.

Examples of representative aryl having hetero atoms containing substitution include the following:

wherein each X is selected from C—R⁵⁸ ₂, NR⁵⁸, O and S; and each Y is selected from carbonyl, NR⁵⁸, O and S; and R⁵⁸ is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloheteroalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalkyl or the like.

“Hetero substituent” refers to a halo, 0, S or N atom-containing functionality that may be present as an R⁴ in a R⁴C group present as substituents directly on A, B, W, Y or Z of the compounds of this invention or may be present as a substituent in the “substituted” aryl and aliphatic groups present in the compounds.

Examples of hetero substituents include:

-   -   halo,     -   NO₂, —NH₂, —NHR⁵⁹, —N(R⁵⁹)₂,     -   NRCOR, —NR⁵⁹SOR⁵⁹, —NR⁵⁹SO₂R⁵⁹, OH, CN,     -   CO₂H,     -   R⁵⁹—OH, —O—R⁵⁹, —COOR⁵⁹,     -   CON(R⁵⁹)₂, —CONROR⁵⁹,     -   SO₃H, —R⁵⁹—S, —SO₂N(R⁵⁹)₂,     -   S(O)R⁵⁹, —S(O)₂R⁵⁹         wherein each R⁵⁹ is independently an aryl or aliphatic,         optionally with substitution. Among hetero substituents         containing R⁵⁹ groups, preference is given to those materials         having aryl and alkyl R⁵⁹ groups as defined herein. Preferred         hetero substituents are those listed above.

“Hydrogen bond donor” group refers to a group containing O—H, or N—H functionality. Examples of “hydrogen bond donor” groups include —OH, —NH₂, and —NH—R^(59a) and wherein R^(59a) is alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl.

“Dihydroxyphosphoryl” refers to the radical —PO(OH)₂.

“Substituted dihydroxyphosphoryl” includes those groups recited in the definition of “substituted” herein, and particularly refers to a dihydroxyphosphoryl radical wherein one or both of the hydroxyl groups are substituted. Suitable substituents are described in detail below.

“Aminohydroxyphosphoryl” refers to the radical —PO(OH)NH₂.

“Substituted aminohydroxyphosphoryl” includes those groups recited in the definition of “substituted” herein, and particularly refers to an aminohydroxyphosphoryl wherein the amino group is substituted with one or two substituents. Suitable substituents are described in detail below. In certain embodiments, the hydroxyl group can also be substituted.

“Thioalkoxy” refers to the group —SR⁶⁰ where R⁶⁰ is alkyl.

“Substituted thioalkoxy” includes those groups recited in the definition of “substituted” herein, and particularly refers to a thioalkoxy group having 1 or more substituents, for instance from 1 to 5 substituents, and particularly from 1 to 3 substituents, selected from the group consisting of acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonylamino, amino, substituted amino, aminocarbonyl, aminocarbonylamino, aminocarbonyloxy, aryl, aryloxy, azido, carboxyl, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, keto, nitro, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, thioketo, thiol, alkyl-S(O)—, aryl-S(O)—, alkyl-S(O)₂— and aryl-S(O)₂—.

“Sulfanyl” refers to the radical HS—. “Substituted sulfanyl” refers to a radical such as RS— wherein R is any substituent described herein.

“Sulfonyl” refers to the divalent radical —S(O₂)—. “Substituted sulfonyl” refers to a radical such as R⁶¹—(O₂)S— wherein R⁶¹ is any substituent described herein. “Aminosulfonyl” or “Sulfonamide” refers to the radical H₂N(O₂)S—, and “substituted aminosulfonyl” “substituted sulfonamide” refers to a radical such as R⁶² ₂N(O₂)S— wherein each R⁶² is independently any substituent described herein.

“Sulfone” refers to the group —SO₂R⁶³. In particular embodiments, R⁶³ is selected from H, lower alkyl, alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl.

“Thioaryloxy” refers to the group —SR⁶⁴ where R⁶⁴ is aryl.

“Thioketo” refers to the group ═S.

“Thiol” refers to the group —SH.

One having ordinary skill in the art of organic synthesis will recognize that the maximum number of heteroatoms in a stable, chemically feasible heterocyclic ring, whether it is aromatic or non aromatic, is determined by the size of the ring, the degree of unsaturation and the valence of the heteroatoms. In general, a heterocyclic ring may have one to four heteroatoms so long as the heteroaromatic ring is chemically feasible and stable.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt of a compound of the invention that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound. Such salts include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, and the like; or (2) salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-methylglucamine and the like. Salts further include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like; and when the compound contains a basic functionality, salts of non toxic organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable cation” refers to a non toxic, acceptable cationic counter-ion of an acidic functional group. Such cations are exemplified by sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium cations, and the like.

“Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle” refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient or carrier with which a compound of the invention is administered.

“Preventing” or “prevention” refers to a reduction in risk of acquiring a disease or disorder (i.e., causing at least one of the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop in a subject that may be exposed to or predisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or display symptoms of the disease).

“Prodrugs” refers to compounds, including derivatives of the compounds of the invention, which have cleavable groups and become by solvolysis or under physiological conditions the compounds of the invention which are pharmaceutically active in vivo. Such examples include, but are not limited to, choline ester derivatives and the like, N-alkylmorpholine esters and the like.

“Solvate” refers to forms of the compound that are associated with a solvent, usually by a solvolysis reaction. Conventional solvents include water, ethanol, acetic acid and the like. The compounds of the invention may be prepared e.g. in crystalline form and may be solvated or hydrated. Suitable solvates include pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, such as hydrates, and further include both stoichiometric solvates and non-stoichiometric solvates.

“Subject” includes humans. The terms “human,” “patient” and “subject” are used interchangeably herein.

“Therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of a compound that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease. The “therapeutically effective amount” can vary depending on the compound, the disease and its severity, and the age, weight, etc., of the subject to be treated.

“Treating” or “treatment” of any disease or disorder refers, in one embodiment, to ameliorating the disease or disorder (i.e., arresting or reducing the development of the disease or at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof). In another embodiment “treating” or “treatment” refers to ameliorating at least one physical parameter, which may not be discernible by the subject. In yet another embodiment, “treating” or “treatment” refers to modulating the disease or disorder, either physically, (e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom), physiologically, (e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter), or both.

As used herein, the term “operably linked” refers to a regulatory sequence capable of mediating the expression of a coding sequence and which is placed in a DNA molecule (e.g., an expression vector) in an appropriate position relative to the coding sequence so as to effect expression of the coding sequence. This same definition is sometimes applied to the arrangement of coding sequences and transcription control elements (e.g. promoters, enhancers, and termination elements) in an expression vector. This definition is also sometimes applied to the arrangement of nucleic acid sequences of a first and a second nucleic acid molecule wherein a hybrid nucleic acid molecule is generated.

A “vector” is a replicon, such as a plasmid, cosmid, bacmid, phage or virus, to which another genetic sequence or element (either DNA or RNA) may be attached so as to bring about the replication of the attached sequence or element.

An “expression vector” or “expression operon” refers to a nucleic acid segment that may possess transcriptional and translational control sequences, such as promoters, enhancers, translational start signals (e.g., ATG or AUG codons), polyadenylation signals, terminators, and the like, and which facilitate the expression of a polypeptide coding sequence in a host cell or organism.

The terms “transform”, “transfect”, or “transduce”, shall refer to any method or means by which a nucleic acid is introduced into a cell or host organism and may be used interchangeably to convey the same meaning. Such methods include, but are not limited to, transfection, electroporation, microinjection, PEG-fusion and the like.

The introduced nucleic acid may or may not be integrated (covalently linked) into nucleic acid of the recipient cell or organism. In bacterial, yeast, plant and mammalian cells, for example, the introduced nucleic acid may be maintained as an episomal element or independent replicon such as a plasmid. Alternatively, the introduced nucleic acid may become integrated into the nucleic acid of the recipient cell or organism and be stably maintained in that cell or organism and further passed on or inherited to progeny cells or organisms of the recipient cell or organism. In other applications, the introduced nucleic acid may exist in the recipient cell or host organism only transiently.

The phrase “consisting essentially of” when referring to a particular nucleotide or amino acid means a sequence having the properties of a given SEQ ID NO. For example, when used in reference to an amino acid sequence, the phrase includes the sequence per se and molecular modifications that would not affect the basic and novel characteristics of the sequence.

Other derivatives of the compounds of this invention have activity in both their acid and acid derivative forms, but in the acid sensitive form often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility, or delayed release in the mammalian organism (see, Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs, pp. 7-9, 21-24, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985). Prodrugs include acid derivatives well know to practitioners of the art, such as, for example, esters prepared by reaction of the parent acid with a suitable alcohol, or amides prepared by reaction of the parent acid compound with a substituted or unsubstituted amine, or acid anhydrides, or mixed anhydrides. Simple aliphatic or aromatic esters, amides and anhydrides derived from acidic groups pendant on the compounds of this invention are preferred prodrugs. In some cases it is desirable to prepare double ester type prodrugs such as (acyloxy)alkyl esters or ((alkoxycarbonyl)oxy)alkylesters. Preferred are the C₁ to C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, aryl, C₇-C₁₂ substituted aryl, and C₇-C₁₂ arylalkyl esters of the compounds of the invention.

As used herein, the term “isotopic variant” refers to a compound that contains unnatural proportions of isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compound. For example, an “isotopic variant” of a compound can contain one or more non-radioactive isotopes, such as for example, deuterium (²H or D), carbon-13 (¹³C), nitrogen-15 (¹⁵N), or the like. It will be understood that, in a compound where such isotopic substitution is made, the following atoms, where present, may vary, so that for example, any hydrogen may be ²H/D, any carbon may be ¹³C, or any nitrogen may be ¹⁵N, and that the presence and placement of such atoms may be determined within the skill of the art. Likewise, the invention may include the preparation of isotopic variants with radioisotopes, in the instance for example, where the resulting compounds may be used for drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. The radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e. ³H, and carbon-14, i.e. ¹⁴C, are particularly useful for this purpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means of detection. Further, compounds may be prepared that are substituted with positron emitting isotopes, such as ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹⁵O and ¹³N, and would be useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate receptor occupancy.

All isotopic variants of the compounds provided herein, radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the invention.

It is also to be understood that compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “isomers”. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed “stereoisomers”.

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed “diastereomers” and those that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed “enantiomers”. When a compound has an asymmetric center, for example, it is bonded to four different groups, a pair of enantiomers is possible. An enantiomer can be characterized by the absolute configuration of its asymmetric center and is described by the R- and S-sequencing rules of Cahn and Prelog, or by the manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarized light and designated as dextrorotatory or levorotatory (i.e., as (+) or (−)-isomers respectively). A chiral compound can exist as either individual enantiomer or as a mixture thereof. A mixture containing equal proportions of the enantiomers is called a “racemic mixture”.

“Tautomers” refer to compounds that are interchangeable forms of a particular compound structure, and that vary in the displacement of hydrogen atoms and electrons. Thus, two structures may be in equilibrium through the movement of n electrons and an atom (usually H). For example, enols and ketones are tautomers because they are rapidly interconverted by treatment with either acid or base. Another example of tautomerism is the aci- and nitro-forms of phenylnitromethane, that are likewise formed by treatment with acid or base.

Tautomeric forms may be relevant to the attainment of the optimal chemical reactivity and biological activity of a compound of interest.

The compounds of this invention may possess one or more asymmetric centers; such compounds can therefore be produced as individual (R)- or (S)-stereoisomers or as mixtures thereof. Unless indicated otherwise, the description or naming of a particular compound in the specification and claims is intended to include both individual enantiomers and mixtures, racemic or otherwise, thereof. The methods for the determination of stereochemistry and the separation of stereoisomers are well-known in the art.

The Compounds

The present invention provides a method for preventing, treating or ameliorating in a mammal a disease or condition that is causally related to the activity of the RORγ or RORγt in vivo, which comprises administering to the mammal an effective disease-treating or condition-treating amount of a compound according to formula I:

-   -   wherein     -   each n1 and n2 is independently 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5;     -   each R^(1a) and R^(1b) is independently H, substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or CN; or     -   R^(1a) and R^(1b) joined together to form cycloalkyl ring;     -   R² is H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl;     -   or one of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is joined to the C of CR² to form a         cyclopropyl ring; or R² is joined to the C of CR^(1a)R^(1b) to         form a cyclopropyl ring;     -   each R³ and R⁴ is independently selected from H, OH, substituted         or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy,         substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted         acylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted         or unsubstituted alkythio, substituted or unsubstituted         alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylarylamino,         substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted         arylalkyl, sulfo, substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl,         substituted sulfinyl, substituted sulfanyl, substituted or         unsubstituted aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted         alkylsulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido,         substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano,         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted         heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted         or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thiol; or any two adjacent R³         groups, or any two adjacent R⁴ groups may joined together to         form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic         ring;     -   each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, substituted or         unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl,         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted         heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, and         substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl; or         -   R⁵ and R⁶, together with the N they are attached to, form a             4-12 membered substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl;     -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug         thereof;     -   and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl, and substituted and unsubstituted phenyl.

In another embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, one of R⁵ and R⁶ is H or Me; and the other is independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl, and substituted and unsubstituted phenyl.

In another embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.

In another embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from unsubstituted alkyl.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, and t-Bu.

In another embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, and alkyl substituted with hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, cylcloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.

In another particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, Me, Et, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, aminoethyl, aminopropyl, dimethylaminoethyl, dimethylaminopropyl, piperidinoethyl, morpholinoethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, benzyl, phenethyl, and furanylmethyl.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, and cycloalkyl.

In another embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, and cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

In another particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, R⁵ is H; and R⁶ is selected from hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, aminoethyl, aminopropyl, dimethylaminoethyl, dimethylaminopropyl, piperidinoethyl, morpholinoethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, phenethyl, and furanylmethyl.

In yet another particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, R⁵ and R⁶ are joined together to form a 4-12 membered substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, the compound is according to formula Ia:

-   -   wherein     -   Cy is substituted or unsubstituted 4-12 membered substituted or         unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl;     -   and wherein n1, n2, R^(1a), R^(1b), R², R³, and R⁴ are as         described for formula I;     -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug         thereof;     -   and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula Ia, Cy is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperizinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, indolinyl, or azepinyl, unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, CN, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, amido, acyl, aroyl, or —CO-alkoxy.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula Ia, Cy is substituted or unsubstituted azetidinyl, substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperizinyl, morpholinyl, or azepinyl. In another embodiment, Cy is unsubstituted pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperizinyl, morpholinyl, or azepinyl. In a particular embodiment, Cy is piperidinyl or piperizinyl.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, the compound is according to formula IIa, IIb, IIc, IId, IIe, or IIf:

-   -   and wherein n1, n2, R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are as described         for formula I; and each R^(5′) and R^(5b) is independently H,         alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl,         alkoxy, hydroxyl, CN, substituted or unsubstituted aryl,         substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, amido, acyl, aroyl, or         —CO-alkoxy.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I-IIf, n2 is 1, 2, or 3.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I-IIf, n2 is 1, 2, or 3; and each R⁴ is independently selected from halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, CN, OH, and C₁-C₆ alkoxy.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-IIf, n2 is 1, 2, or 3; and each R⁴ is independently selected from Cl, Me, OH, and C₁-C₆ alkoxy. In a particular embodiment, n2 is 3.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, the compound is according to formula III:

-   -   wherein     -   and wherein n1, R^(1a), R^(1b), R², R³, and R⁴, are as described         for formula I; n2 is 1, 2, or 3;     -   A is C, N, O, or S; m is 0 or 1;     -   each R^(5a) is alkyl, substituted alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,         hydroxyalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CN, alkoxyalkyl, amido,         hydroxyl, alkoxy or substituted alkoxy; and t is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   R^(7a) is OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl,         substituted or unsubstituted acylamino, substituted or         unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkythio,         substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or         unsubstituted alkylarylamino, substituted or unsubstituted         amino, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, sulfo,         substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl, substituted sulfinyl,         substituted sulfanyl, substituted or unsubstituted         aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfonyl,         substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido, substituted or         unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano, substituted or         unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,         substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thio; and     -   R^(7b) is R⁴; or any two adjacent R⁴ and R^(7b) groups, may         joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted         carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;     -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug         thereof;         -   and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a compound according to formula III:

-   -   wherein     -   A is C, N, O, or S; m is 0 or 1;     -   n1 is independently 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; n2 is 1, 2, or 3;     -   each R^(1a) and R^(1b) is independently H, substituted or         unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or CN; or     -   R^(1a) and R^(1b) joined together to form cycloalkyl ring;     -   R² is H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl;     -   or one of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is joined to the C of CR² to form a         cyclopropyl ring; or R² is joined to the C of CR^(1a)R^(1b) to         form a cyclopropyl ring;     -   each R³ and R⁴ is independently selected from H, OH, substituted         or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy,         substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted         acylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted         or unsubstituted alkythio, substituted or unsubstituted         alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylarylamino,         substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted         arylalkyl, sulfo, substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl,         substituted sulfinyl, substituted sulfanyl, substituted or         unsubstituted aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted         alkylsulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido,         substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano,         substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted         heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted         or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thiol; or any two adjacent R³         groups, or any two adjacent R⁴, or any two adjacent R⁴ and         R^(7b) groups, may joined together to form a substituted or         unsubstituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;     -   each R^(5a) is alkyl, substituted alkyl, halo, haloalkyl,         hydroxyalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CN, alkoxyalkyl, amido,         hydroxyl, alkoxy or substituted alkoxy; t is 0, 1, 2, or 3;     -   R^(7a) is OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl,         substituted or unsubstituted acylamino, substituted or         unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkythio,         substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or         unsubstituted alkylarylamino, substituted or unsubstituted         amino, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, sulfo,         substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl, substituted sulfinyl,         substituted sulfanyl, substituted or unsubstituted         aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfonyl,         substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido, substituted or         unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano, substituted or         unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,         substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thio; and     -   R^(7b) is H, OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted         or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl,         substituted or unsubstituted acylamino, substituted or         unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkythio,         substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or         unsubstituted alkylarylamino, substituted or unsubstituted         amino, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, sulfo,         substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl, substituted sulfinyl,         substituted sulfanyl, substituted or unsubstituted         aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfonyl,         substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido, substituted or         unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano, substituted or         unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl,         substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or         unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted         dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thio;     -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug         thereof;         -   and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof;     -   provided that         -   i) when t is 1, m is 1, A is C, each of R^(1a), R^(1b) and             R² is H, R⁴ is 4-OMe, and one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH and             the other is OMe; then R^(5a) is other than 2-Me;         -   ii) when t is 1, m is 1, A is N, and each of R^(1a), R^(1b)             and R² is H, R⁴ is OMe, one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH and             the other is OMe; then R^(5a) is other than 4-Ph;         -   iii) when each of R^(1a), R^(1b), R² and R³ is H, one of             R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH, Cl, Br, Me, or F, and the other is             H; then t is other than 0, and R^(5a) is other than benzyl,             acetyl, cyclopentyl, Me, OH, CH₂OMe, CH₂OH, CH₂CH₂OMe,             CH₂CH₂OH, OMe, CO₂Me, CO₂Et, or CONH₂;         -   iv) when t is 0, each of R^(1a), R^(1b) and R² is H, R⁴ is             4-OMe or 4-Me, and one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH and the             other is OMe or Me; then R³ is other than 4-OMe, 4-NMe₂, or             3,4-methylenedioxy;         -   v) the (R³)_(n1)-Ph- group is other than substituted or             unsubstituted benzopyranyl;         -   vi) when each of R^(1a), R^(1b), R² and R³ is H, one of             R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH, OMe, Cl, Br, Me, or F, and the             other is H; then one of (R³)_(n1)-Ph- group is other than             unsubstituted phenyl; and         -   vii) when each of R^(1a), R^(1b), R² and R³ is H, one of             R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OMe, and the other is H; then one of             (R³)_(n1)-Ph- group is other than unsubstituted naphthyl.

For the sake of clarity, the present invention does not include composition of matter for the compounds according to formulae XXa-XXe:

wherein the coumarin or benzopyranyl (XXc or XXd) may be substituted or unsubstituted; and A, m, R^(3a), R^(5a), t and n1 are as described for formula III.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula III, t is 0. In another embodiment, t is 1 or 2.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula III, each of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is independently OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted acylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkythio, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylarylamino, substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, sulfo, substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl, substituted sulfinyl, substituted sulfanyl, substituted or unsubstituted aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido, substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thio.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula III, each of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is independently OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, CN, halo, amido, or haloalkyl.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula III, each of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is independently halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, CN, OH, or C₁-C₆ alkoxy.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula III, each of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is independently Cl, F, Me, CF₃, CN, OH, or OMe.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula III, one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH; and the other is alkoxy.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula III, each of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH or alkoxy.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula III, one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH; and the other is OMe.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I-III, R^(1a) and R^(1b) is independently H, CN, or Me.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I-III, each of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is H. In another embodiment each of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is Me.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I-III, one of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is H; and the other is CN.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula III, m is 0.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula III, m is 1; and A is C or N. In one embodiment, A is CH₂, CHR^(5a), or CR^(5a)R^(5a). In another embodiment A is NH or NR^(5a). In a yet another embodiment, A is O. In a further embodiment, A is S.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula III, R⁴ is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amido, hydroxyl, cyano, or alkoxy.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula III, R⁴ is H, halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, CN, OH, or C₁-C₆ alkoxy.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula III, R⁴ is H, Cl, F, Me, CF₃, CN, OH, or OMe.

In another particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-III, n2 is 1; and R⁴ is Cl, F, Me, Et, i-Pr, OMe, CF₃, CN or OH. In one embodiment R⁴ is at 4- or para-position of the phenyl ring. In another embodiment, R⁴ is 4-Cl, 4-F, 4-Me, 4-Et, 4-i-Pr, 4-OMe, 4-CF₃, 4-CN or 4-OH. In yet another embodiment, R⁴ is 3-Cl, 3-F, 3-Me, 3-Et, 3-i-Pr, 3-OMe, 3-CF₃, 3-CN or 3-OH.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-III, n1 is 1; R⁴ is 4-NMe₂. In another particular embodiment, R⁴ is 4-Me. In another particular embodiment, R⁴ is 2-Me. In another particular embodiment, R⁴ is 4-OMe. In another particular embodiment, R⁴ is 4-OEt.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-III, two adjacent R⁴ groups joined together to form —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, —O—CH₂—CH₂—O—, O—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—O—, or —CH═CH—CH═CH—.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-III, the group

In another particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-III, the group

In another particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-III, the group

In another particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-III, the group

wherein the naphthyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R⁴ groups.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I-III, Cy or the group

is substituted or unsubstituted

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula III, when m is 1 and A is N, the N is substituted H or R^(5a) and the R^(5a) is as described herein. In one particular embodiment, A is N—R^(5a), and R^(5a) is alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or alkoxyalkyl. In one embodiment, R^(5a) is methoxyalkyl.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, the compound is according to formula IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, or IVf:

-   -   and wherein n1, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are as described for         formula I; t and R^(5a) are as described for formula III.

In one embodiment, with respect to the formula IVf, NH is N—R^(5a), and R^(5a) is alkyl, substituted alkyl, acyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or alkoxyalkyl. In one embodiment, R^(5a) is methoxyalkyl.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-IVf, n1 is 1, 2 or 3. In another embodiment, n1 is 3. In a particular embodiment, n1 is 1.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-IVf, each R³ is independently selected from halo, amino, substituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, CN, OH, and substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy.

In another embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-IVf, each R³ is independently selected from halo, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, CN, OH, and substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-IVf, n1 is 1; and R³ is NMe₂.

In another particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-IVf, n1 is 1; and R³ is Cl, F, Me, Et, i-Pr, OMe, CF₃, CN or OH. In one embodiment R³ is at 4- or para-position of the phenyl ring. In another embodiment, R³ is 4-Cl, 4-F, 4-Me, 4-Et, 4-i-Pr, 4-OMe, 4-CF₃, 4-CN or 4-OH. In yet another embodiment, R³ is 3-Cl, 3-F, 3-Me, 3-Et, 3-i-Pr, 3-OMe, 3-CF₃, 3-CN or 3-OH.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-IVf, n1 is 1; R³ is 4-NMe₂. In another particular embodiment, R³ is 4-Me. In another particular embodiment, R³ is 2-Me. In another particular embodiment, R³ is 4-OMe. In another particular embodiment, R³ is 4-OEt.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-IVf, two adjacent R³ groups joined together to form —O—CH₂—O—, —O—CF₂—O—, —O—CH₂—CH₂—O—, O—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—O—, or —CH═CH—CH═CH—.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-IVf, the group

In another particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-IVf, the group

In another particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-IVf, the group

In another particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-IVf, the group

-   -   wherein the naphthyl is unsubstituted or substituted with one or         more R³ groups.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I-III, the compound is according to formula Va, Vb, Vc, Vd, Ve, or Vf:

-   -   and wherein R², R⁵, and R⁶ are as described for formula I; t and         R^(5a) are as described for formula III; and n3 is 1, 2, or 3.

In one embodiment, with respect to the formula Vf, NH is N—R^(5a), and R^(5a) is alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, or methoxyalkyl.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-Vf, R² is H, OH, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.

In another embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-Vf, R² is H, Me, OH, or Ph.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-Vf, R² is H.

In another particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-Vf, R² is OH.

In another particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae III-Vf, t is 0. In another embodiment t is 1 or 2.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae III-Vf, t is 1; and R^(5a) is OH, Ph, benzyl, or Me. In another embodiment, t is 1; and R^(5a) is Me, Et, n-Pr, or n-Bu. In one particular embodiment, t is 1; and R^(5a) is 3-Me, 3-Et, 3-n-Pr, or 3-n-Bu.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae III-Vf, t is 2; and each R^(5a) is independently OH, Ph, benzyl, or Me. In another embodiment, t is 2; and one R^(5a) is 3-Me and the other is 5-Me. In another embodiment, t is 2; and one R^(5a) is 3-Me and the other is 3-Me.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae III-Vf, R^(5a) is OH, or Me.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae III-Vf, R^(5a) is Me.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae III-Vf, R^(5a) is Ph.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae III-Vf, R^(5a) is benzyl.

In another particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae III-Vf, R^(5a) is 3-Me.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-Vf, R⁵, when present, is H. In another embodiment, R⁵, when present, is Me or Et.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-Vf, R⁵, when present, is H. In another embodiment, R⁵, when present, is Me, Et, n-Pr, or n-Bu. In yet another embodiment, R⁵, when present, is n-pentyl, n-hexyl, or n-heptyl.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-Vf, n3 is 1.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-Vf, n3 is 2.

In one embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae I-Vf, n3 is 3.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I-III, the compound is according to formula VIa, VIb, VIc, VId, VIe, or VIf:

-   -   and wherein R^(5b) is H or Me;     -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug         thereof;         -   and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formulae VIa-VIf, R^(5b) is H. In another embodiment, R^(5b) is Me.

In another particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, the compound is according to formula VIIa, VIIb, or VIIc:

-   -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug         thereof;         -   and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I-III, the compound is according to formula VIIIa VIIIb, VIIIc, VIIId, or VIIIe:

-   -   and wherein R^(5b) is H or Me;     -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug         thereof,         -   and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I-III, the compound is according to formula IXa, IXb, or IXc:

-   -   and wherein R^(5b) is H or Me;     -   or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug         thereof;         -   and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, the compound is any one of the compounds listed in Table 1.

In one particular embodiment, with respect to the compounds of formula I, the compound is any one of compounds listed in Table 1 with Compound ID 7, 8, 22, 41, 62, 63, 65, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 118, 121, 134, 135, 136, 138, or 149.

In another aspect, the present invention provides pharmaceutical composition of a compound according to formulae I-IXc.

In one embodiment, with respect to the method of treatment, the disease or condition is autoimmune disease.

In one embodiment, with respect to the method of treatment, the disease or condition is inflammatory disease.

In one embodiment, with respect to the method of treatment, the disease or condition is selected from arthritis, diabetes, multiple sclerosis (and the animal model thereof, EAE), uveitis, rheumatoid arthritis (and the animal model thereof, CIA), psoriasis, asthma, bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, cancer, graft-versus-host disease, H. pylori infections and ulcers resulting from such infection, and inflammatory bowel diseases.

In one embodiment, with respect to the method of treatment, the disease or condition is selected from Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, sprue and food allergies.

In certain aspects, the present invention provides prodrugs and derivatives of the compounds according to the formulae above. Prodrugs are derivatives of the compounds of the invention, which have metabolically cleavable groups and become by solvolysis or under physiological conditions the compounds of the invention, which are pharmaceutically active, in vivo. Such examples include, but are not limited to, choline ester derivatives and the like, N-alkylmorpholine esters and the like.

Other derivatives of the compounds of this invention have activity in both their acid and acid derivative forms, but the acid sensitive form often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility, or delayed release in the mammalian organism (see, Bundgard, H., Design of Prodrugs, pp. 7-9, 21-24, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1985). Prodrugs include acid derivatives well know to practitioners of the art, such as, for example, esters prepared by reaction of the parent acid with a suitable alcohol, or amides prepared by reaction of the parent acid compound with a substituted or unsubstituted amine, or acid anhydrides, or mixed anhydrides. Simple aliphatic or aromatic esters, amides and anhydrides derived from acidic groups pendant on the compounds of this invention are preferred prodrugs. In some cases it is desirable to prepare double ester type prodrugs such as (acyloxy)alkyl esters or ((alkoxycarbonyl)oxy)alkylesters. Preferred are the C₁ to C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, aryl, C₇-C₁₂ substituted aryl, and C₇-C₁₂ arylalkyl esters of the compounds of the invention.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

When employed as pharmaceuticals, the compounds of this invention are typically administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition. Such compositions can be prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art and comprise at least one active compound.

Generally, the compounds of this invention are administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. The amount of the compound actually administered will typically be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound-administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be administered by a variety of routes including oral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, and intranasal. Depending on the intended route of delivery, the compounds of this invention are preferably formulated as either injectable or oral compositions or as salves, as lotions or as patches all for transdermal administration.

The compositions for oral administration can take the form of bulk liquid solutions or suspensions, or bulk powders. More commonly, however, the compositions are presented in unit dosage forms to facilitate accurate dosing. The term “unit dosage forms” refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient. Typical unit dosage forms include prefilled, premeasured ampules or syringes of the liquid compositions or pills, tablets, capsules or the like in the case of solid compositions. In such compositions, the furansulfonic acid compound is usually a minor component (from about 0.1 to about 50% by weight or preferably from about 1 to about 40% by weight) with the remainder being various vehicles or carriers and processing aids helpful for forming the desired dosing form.

Liquid forms suitable for oral administration may include a suitable aqueous or nonaqueous vehicle with buffers, suspending and dispensing agents, colorants, flavors and the like. Solid forms may include, for example, any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

Injectable compositions are typically based upon injectable sterile saline or phosphate-buffered saline or other injectable carriers known in the art. As before, the active compound in such compositions is typically a minor component, often being from about 0.05 to 10% by weight with the remainder being the injectable carrier and the like.

Transdermal compositions are typically formulated as a topical ointment or cream containing the active ingredient(s), generally in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 20% by weight, preferably from about 0.1 to about 20% by weight, preferably from about 0.1 to about 10% by weight, and more preferably from about 0.5 to about 15% by weight. When formulated as a ointment, the active ingredients will typically be combined with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base. Alternatively, the active ingredients may be formulated in a cream with, for example an oil-in-water cream base. Such transdermal formulations are well-known in the art and generally include additional ingredients to enhance the dermal penetration of stability of the active ingredients or the formulation. All such known transdermal formulations and ingredients are included within the scope of this invention.

The compounds of this invention can also be administered by a transdermal device. Accordingly, transdermal administration can be accomplished using a patch either of the reservoir or porous membrane type, or of a solid matrix variety.

The above-described components for orally administrable, injectable or topically administrable compositions are merely representative. Other materials as well as processing techniques and the like are set forth in Part 8 of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th edition, 1985, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., which is incorporated herein by reference.

The compounds of this invention can also be administered in sustained release forms or from sustained release drug delivery systems. A description of representative sustained release materials can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.

The following formulation examples illustrate representative pharmaceutical compositions of this invention. The present invention, however, is not limited to the following pharmaceutical compositions.

Formulation 1—Tablets

A compound of the invention is admixed as a dry powder with a dry gelatin binder in an approximate 1:2 weight ratio. A minor amount of magnesium stearate is added as a lubricant. The mixture is formed into 240-270 mg tablets (80-90 mg of active amide compound per tablet) in a tablet press.

Formulation 2—Capsules

A compound of the invention is admixed as a dry powder with a starch diluent in an approximate 1:1 weight ratio. The mixture is filled into 250 mg capsules (125 mg of active amide compound per capsule).

Formulation 3—Liquid

A compound of the invention (125 mg), sucrose (1.75 g) and xanthan gum (4 mg) are blended, passed through a No. 10 mesh U.S. sieve, and then mixed with a previously made solution of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (11:89, 50 mg) in water. Sodium benzoate (10 mg), flavor, and color are diluted with water and added with stirring. Sufficient water is then added to produce a total volume of 5 mL.

Formulation 4—Tablets

A compound of the invention is admixed as a dry powder with a dry gelatin binder in an approximate 1:2 weight ratio. A minor amount of magnesium stearate is added as a lubricant. The mixture is formed into 450-900 mg tablets (150-300 mg of active amide compound) in a tablet press.

Formulation 5—Injection

A compound of the invention is dissolved or suspended in a buffered sterile saline injectable aqueous medium to a concentration of approximately 5 mg/ml.

Formulation 6—Topical

Stearyl alcohol (250 g) and a white petrolatum (250 g) are melted at about 75° C. and then a mixture of a compound of the invention (50 g) methylparaben (0.25 g), propylparaben (0.15 g), sodium lauryl sulfate (10 g), and propylene glycol (120 g) dissolved in water (about 370 g) is added and the resulting mixture is stirred until it congeals.

Methods of Treatment

The present compounds are used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of conditions in mammals that are causally related or attributable to RORγt activity. Accordingly, the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of this invention find use as therapeutics for preventing and/or treating a variety of inflammatory conditions and autoimmune disorders in mammals, including humans.

In a method of treatment aspect, this invention provides a method of treating a mammal susceptible to or afflicted with a condition associated with an inflammatory condition and/or an autoimmune disorder, which method comprises administering an effective amount of one or more of the pharmaceutical compositions just described.

In additional method of treatment aspects, this invention provides methods of treating a mammal susceptible to or afflicted with an inflammatory condition or autoimmune disorder causally related or attributable to RORγt activity. Such condition and disorders include, without limitation, arthritis, diabetes, multiple sclerosis (and the animal model thereof, EAE), uveitis, rheumatoid arthritis (and the animal model thereof, CIA), psoriasis, asthma, bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, cancer, graft-versus-host disease, H. pylori infections and ulcers resulting from such infection, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Such methods comprise administering an effective condition-treating or condition-preventing amount of one or more of the pharmaceutical compositions just described.

The present inventors have shown that treatment of wildtype cells with RORγt inhibitor digoxin resulted in changes in gene expression that were very similar to those observed in RORγt-deficient cells. See Huh et al. (2011) Digoxin and its derivatives suppress Th17 cell differentiation by antagonizing RORγt activity; Nature, in press, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference. That being the case, RORγt inhibitors can be used to treat any diseases caused by RORγ or RORγt expressing cells, including Th17, NK22, and other innate lymphoid cells. The pro-atherogenic contribution of IL-17 to atherosclerotic lesions, for example, suggests that atherosclerosis can be treated efficaciously with the compounds and compositions described herein. See Chen et al. J Innate Immun. 2010; 2(4):325-33. Epub 2010 May 7, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.

As a further aspect of the invention there is provided the present compounds for use as a pharmaceutical especially in the treatment or prevention of the aforementioned conditions and diseases. Also provided herein is the use of the present compounds in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prevention of one of the aforementioned conditions and diseases.

Injection dose levels range from about 0.1 mg/kg/hour to at least 10 mg/kg/hour, all for from about 1 to about 120 hours and especially 24 to 96 hours. A preloading bolus of from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg or more may also be administered to achieve adequate steady state levels. The maximum total dose is not expected to exceed about 2 g/day for a 40 to 80 kg human patient.

For the prevention and/or treatment of long-term conditions, such as, e.g., arthritis, diabetes, multiple sclerosis (and the animal model thereof, EAE), rheumatoid arthritis (and the animal model thereof, CIA), psoriasis, or asthma, the regimen for treatment usually stretches over many months or years, so oral dosing is preferred for patient convenience and tolerance. With oral dosing, one to five and especially two to four and typically three oral doses per day are representative regimens. Using these dosing patterns, each dose provides from about 0.01 to about 20 mg/kg of the compound of the invention, with preferred doses each providing from about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg and especially about 1 to about 5 mg/kg.

Transdermal doses are generally selected to provide similar or lower blood levels than are achieved using injection doses. Modes of administration suitable for mucosal sites are also envisioned herein and include without limitation: intra-anal swabs, enemas, intranasal sprays, and aerosolized or vaporized compounds and/or compositions for delivery to the lung mucosa. One of skill in the art would choose an appropriate delivery mode/s based on a variety of parameters, including the organ or tissue site in a patient with a disease or condition that is most severely affected by the disease or condition. A skilled practitioner could, for example, treat a patient afflicted with an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with a therapeutic regimen that included delivery of the compounds or compositions of the invention using an enema for direct delivery to the bowel.

When used to prevent the onset of an inflammatory condition or autoimmune disorder, the compounds of this invention will be administered to a patient at risk for developing the condition or disorder, typically on the advice and under the supervision of a physician, at the dosage levels described above. Patients at risk for developing a particular condition generally include those that have a family history of the condition, or those who have been identified by genetic testing or screening to be particularly susceptible to developing the condition.

The compounds of this invention can be administered as the sole active agent or they can be administered in combination with other agents, including other compounds that demonstrate the same or a similar therapeutic activity and are determined to safe and efficacious for such combined administration.

General Synthetic Procedures

The amido compounds of this invention may be purchased from various commercial sources or can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods and procedures. It will be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.

Additionally, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, conventional protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions. The choice of a suitable protecting group for a particular functional group as well as suitable conditions for protection and deprotection are well known in the art. For example, numerous protecting groups, and their introduction and removal, are described in T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, Second Edition, Wiley, New York, 1991, and references cited therein.

The compounds of the invention may be prepared from known or commercially available starting materials and reagents by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis.

General Materials and Methods:

All commercially available reagents and solvents were purchased and used without further purification. All microwave reactions were carried out in a sealed microwave vial equipped with a magnetic stir bar and heated in a Biotage Initiator Microwave Synthesizer. HPLC purification was performed using a Waters semi-preparative HPLC equipped with a Phenomenex Luna® C18 reverse phase (5 micron, 30×75 mm) column (unless state otherwise) having a flow rate of 45 mL/min. The mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile and H₂O each containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. ¹H spectra were recorded using either an Inova 400 MHz spectrometer (Varian) or an Inova 300 MHz spectrometer (Varian). Two LCMS methods were used to analyze samples' purity. Method 1: Agilent 1200 series LC/MS equipped with a Zorbax™ Eclipse XDB-C18 reverse phase (5 micron, 4.6×150 mm) column having a flow rate of 1.1 mL/min. The mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile and H₂O each containing 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid. A gradient of 5% to 100% acetonitrile over 8 minutes was used during analytical analysis. Method 2: Acquity HPLC equipped with a Waters BEH C18, 1.7 micron, 2.1×50 mm column; Column Temperature: 45 degrees C.; Flow: 0.5 mL/min; Solvent A: 0.05% TFA in Water; Solvent B: 0.025% TFA in Acetonitrile; Gradient: 2% to 100% Solvent B over 1.3 minutes; Run Time—3 min. High-resolution mass spectroscopy measurements were performed on a Agilent 6210 Electrospray TOF mass spectrometer.

The following general procedures were used to synthesize compounds having different but analogous structures. One skilled in the art of synthesis will recognize how to modify these general procedures if necessary to accomplish the desired transformations.

Representative Synthetic Methods Method A

The representative hydroxy compounds of the invention can be prepared using the general synthetic pathway depicted in Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

Step 1:

A mixture of phenol (1, 0.2 mmol) and cinnamic acid (2, 0.2 mmol) in TFA (2 mL) was heated at 60-100° C. for 2-16 h. Upon completion, TFA was removed using a Genevac evaporator and the residue was dissolved in DCM (2 mL), washed with saturated NaHCO₃ (2 mL). After removing solvent, 3 was obtained. The compound 3 may be prepared using the following procedure.

A mixture of (1, 0.2 mmol), cinnamic acid (2, 0.2 mmol) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.2 mmol) was heated at 125° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and dissolved in DCM (2 mL), washed with NaOH (1 M, 1 mL). After removing solvent, 3 was obtained and used for next step without further purification.

Step 2:

A mixture of 3 (0.2 mmol) and amine (R⁵R⁶NH, 0.3 mmol) in DMA or THF (2 mL) was heated at 60-80° C. for 2-16 h. Upon completion, the mixture was cooled to room temperature. The desired product 4 was obtained by HPLC purification. The compound 4 may be prepared using the following procedure.

To an 8 mL-vial, amine (R5R6NH, 0.3 mmol) was added. The vial was capped with a Teflon cap, and then Me₃Al (0.4 mL, 1M in heptane) was added. The resulting mixture was shaken at room temperature for 1 h. This was followed by addition of 3 (0.2 mmol, dissolved in 1 mL dry toluene/or DCE). The resulting mixture was heated at 50° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated in a GeneVac. The residue was dissolved in DCM (2 mL), and then Na₂SO₄.10H₂O (0.2 mmol, 32 mg) was added. The suspension was vortexed and centrifuged, the clean solution was separated and concentrated. The crude product was purified by HPLC to afford 4.

Method B

General Procedure

To a solution of 5 (1 mmol) and (1-methoxy-2-methylprop-1-enyloxy)trimethylsilane (1.5 mmol) in 10 mL of DCM at 0° C. was added BF₃Et₂O (1.5 mmol) with stirring. The mixture was warmed to r.t. and stirring was continued for 1-2 h. Upon completion, 20 mL DCM was added and the organic layer was washed with sat Na₂CO₃ solution (10 mL) and water (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by column chromatography over silica-gel to give 6. A solution of 6 (0.5 mmol) and LiOH (5 mmol) in a mixture of solvents (10 mL THF, 5 mL MeOH and 5 mL water) was heated in a microwave at 150° C. for 1 h. Upon completion, the solvent was removed. The residue was dissolved in 10 mL of water and the solution was acidified by 1 M HCl to pH=2. The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give acid 7. To a solution of acid 7 (0.3 mmol) and Hunig base (1 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride (1.5 mmol) at room temperature. After stirring for 10 min, a solution of amine (0.6 mmol R₃R₄NH in DCM or DMA) was added. The resulted mixture was stirred for 4-12 h. After concentrated, the residue was purified by HPLC to yield the desired 8.

Method C

General Procedure:

Compound 2 was either used without purification from commercial sources or synthesized following the literature procedure (Xie, L. et al; J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 2662.)

A solution of 2 (1 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.9 mL) was treated with phenol 1 (1 mmol), TFA (2.7 mL) and Pd(OAc)₂ (15 mg, 0.069 mmol), and stirred at 40° C. for 8 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness using the Genevac evaporator and used crude in the next step.* Crude 9 was dissolved in MeOH (1 mL), treated with R5R6NH (2 mmol), 10% Pd/C (8 mg, 0.1 mmol) and ammonium formate (67 mg, 1 mmol) and heated to 50° C. for 8 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH, filtered through a solid supported thiol column, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material was purified by HPLC to yield compound 4. *The degree of oxidation to 9 was substrate dependent and sometimes the primary product was lactone 3 as determined by LCMS. If the level of oxidation was <20%, amide 4 was synthesized following the same conditions described in Method A.

Method D

General Procedure

A suspension of coumarin 10 (0.15 mmol), boronic acid 11 (0.4 mmol) BIPY (10 mg, 0.064 mmol), and Pd(OAc)₂ (7 mg, 0.03 mmol) in AcOH (0.6 mL), THF (0.2 mL) and H₂O (0.1 mL) was heated to 60° C. for 8 h and concentrated to dryness in the Genevac evaporator to afford 3 which was used without purification in the following step. Crude lactone 3 was converted to amide 4 following the same protocol as Method A (NHR5R6, DMA, 80° C.) and purified with HPLC to afford product 4.

Method E

General Procedure:

A suspension of cinnamic ester 2 (0.15 mmol), boronic acid 11 (0.4 mmol) BIPY (10 mg, 0.064 mmol), and Pd(OAc)₂ (7 mg, 0.03 mmol) in AcOH (0.6 mL), THF (0.2 mL) and H₂O (0.1 mL) was heated to 60° C. for 8 h and concentrated to dryness in the Genevac evaporator to afford 12 which was used without purification in the following step. Crude 12 was treated with 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine (0.18 mmol) and R5R6NH and heated to 70° C. for 8 h. The reaction mixture was purified by HPLC to afford 13.

Method F

General Procedure:

A mixture of 4 (0.1 mmol) and NaH (0.2 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (2 mL). After stirring at room temperature for 0.5 h, alkyl halide (0.4 mmol) was added. The resulting mixture was heated at 60° C. for 2-8 h. The solution was cooled to room temperature. A couple drops of water were added and the mixture was purified by HPLC to give compound 14.

Representative Examples Compound 35 (Method A) (−) 3-(Benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-cis-3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-one (4k(−)) (NCGC00238427, 35)

Prepared following method A: A mixture of 3,5-dimethylphenol (1a, 10.0 mmol, 1.54 g) and 3,4-(methylenedioxy)cinnamic acid (2a, 10.0 mmol, 1.92 g) in TFA (30 mL) was heated at 70° C. for 3 h. After removing TFA, the residue was purified by silica-gel column chromatography using hexane/ethyl acetate (7-60%) to give 3a (2.13 g, 65%) as a white powder. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 2.83 (dd, J=15.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (dd, J=15.9, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 4.43 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 5.96 (s, 2H), 6.33-6.50 (m, 3H), 6.66 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H); LC/MS: Retention time t=5.78 min; Purity: UV₂₂₀>98%, UV₂₅₄>98%.

To a solution of 3a (1.251 g, 3.81 mmol) in 10.0 mL of DMA was added 3,5-dimethylpiperidine monotartrate salt (2.01 g, 7.62 mmol) and Hunig base (2.46 g, 19.0 mmol). The reaction mixture was heated at 60° C. for overnight. The solvent was removed and the residue was dissolved in 50 mL of DCM. The solution was washed with sat. NaHCO₃ (30 mL×3). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The crude product was purified by silica gel column chromatography eluting with 7-60% hexanes/ethyl acetate to afford amide 3-(Benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-cis-3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-one (869 mg, 52%) as a solid. Chiral separation by HPLC (Column: IA Preparatory 5 cm×50 cm; Run Time: 40 minutes; Flow Rate: 35 mL/min; Mobile Phase: 60/40 EtOH/Hexane; Detectors: DAD (220 and 254 nm)) gave 4k(−) and 4k(+).

(−) 3-(Benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-cis-3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-one (4k(−)): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, 60° C.) δ ppm 0.65-0.74 (m, 1H), 0.81 (d, 6H, J=6.3 Hz), 1.20-1.38 (m, 2H), 1.64-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.80-1.94 (m, 1H), 2.34-2.50 (m, 1H), 2.92-3.20 (m, 2H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.72-3.90 (m, 1H), 4.28-4.38 (m, 1H), 4.88 (t, 1H, J=7.2 Hz), 5.88-5.89 (m, 2H), 6.02-6.04 (m. 2H), 6.67-6.73 (m, 2H), 6.82 (s, 1H), 9.21 (s, 1H); LC/MS: Retention time t=4.39 min; Purity: UV₂₂₀>95%, UV₂₅₄>95%; (Column: IA analytical, 0.46 cm×25 cm; Run time: 15 min; Flow rate: 1 mL/min; Mobile phase; 60/40 EtOH/Hexane; Deterctors: DAD (220 and 254 nm) and PDR chiral detector); [α]_(D) ²³=−129.1 (c 1.0, CHCl₃); HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C₂₅H₃₂NO₆ ⁺ 442.2224. found 442.2221.

Compound 149 (Method B) 1-(3,5-Dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-2,2-dimethyl-3-phenyl-3-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-one (8a) (NCGC00238416, 149)

Prepared following method B: To a solution of 5a (0.50 g, 1.82 mmol) and (1-methoxy-2-methylprop-1-enyloxy)trimethylsilane (0.477 g, 2.73 mmol) in 10 mL of DCM at 0° C. was added BF₃Et₂O (0.388 g, 2.73 mmol) with stirring. The mixture was warmed to r.t. and stirring was continued for 2 h. Upon completion, 20 mL DCM was added and the organic layer was washed with sat Na₂CO₃ solution (10 mL) and water (10 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica-gel column chromatography using 7-100% DCM/Hexanes to give 6a (0.312 g, 48%). A solution of 6a (0.312 g, 0.87 mmol) and LiOH (0.21 g, 8.70 mmol) in a mixture solvents (10 mL THF, 5 mL MeOH and 5 mL water) was heated in a microwave at 150° C. for 1 h. Upon completion, the solvent was removed. The residue was dissolved in 10 mL of water and the solution was acidified by 1 M HCl to pH=2. The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated to give acid 7a (0.256 g, 85%). To a solution of acid 7a (0.236, 0.685 mmol) and Hunig base (2.1 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) was added 2-chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride (174 mg, 1.03 mmol) at room temperature. After stirred for 10 min, a solution of cis-3,5-dimethylpiperidine (116 mg, 1.03 mmol) in 5 mL DMA was added. The resulted mixture was stirred for overnight. After concentrated, the residue was dissolved in 30 mL and washed with sat NaHCO₃ (15 mL×3). The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography eluting with 7-60% ethyl acetate/hexanes to afford 8a (256 mg, 85%) as a solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆, 80° C.) δ ppm 0.50-0.70 (m, 1H), 0.77 (m, 6H), 0.85 (m, 1H), 0.99 (m, 1H), 1.09 (s, 3H), 1.28 (s, 3H), 1.60 (m, 1H), 1.90-2.15 (m, 2H), 3.58 (br. s., 6H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 4.17-4.38 (m, 2H), 5.23 (s, 1H); 6.21 (s, 2H); 6.90-7.23 (m, 5H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 440.2 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=2.61 min, UV₂₅₄=90%; HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C₂₇H₃₇NO₄ ⁺ 440.2807. found 440.2805.

Compound 106 (Method C) 1-(3,5-Dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)propan-1-one (4p) (NCGC00242635, 109)

Prepared following method C: A solution of (E)-methyl 3-(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)acrylate (2p, 216 mg, 1 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.9 mL) was treated with phenol 1a (154 mg, 1 mmol), TFA (2.7 mL) and Pd(OAc)₂ (15 mg, 0.069 mmol), and stirred at 40° C. for 8 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness using the Genevac evaporator and used crude in the next step. Crude 9p was dissolved in MeOH (1 mL), treated with 3,5-dimethylpiperidine (2 mmol), 10% Pd/C (8 mg, 0.1 mmol) and ammonium formate (67 mg, 1 mmol) and heated to 50° C. for 8 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH, filtered through a solid supported thiol column, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The material was purified by HPLC to yield compound 4p. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.53-9.58 (m, 1H) 6.99-7.09 (m, 2H) 6.02-6.03 (m, 2H) 4.88-4.95 (m, 1H) 4.30 (d, J=12.32 Hz, 1H) 3.73-3.84 (m, 1H) 3.67-3.70 (m, 3H) 3.66 (d, J=0.78 Hz, 3H) 3.13-3.20 (m, 1H) 3.05 (dd, J=15.36, 6.94 Hz, 1H) 2.97 (dd, J=16.24, 6.85 Hz, 1H) 2.36-2.46 (m, 1H) 1.89 (t, J=12.03 Hz, 1H) 1.63-1.76 (m, 1H) 1.19-1.29 (m, 2H) 0.75-0.89 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 452.2 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=6.63 min, UV₂₅₄=99%.

Compound 87 (Method D) 3-(3-(3,5-Dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropyl)benzonitrile (4n) (NCGC00242612, 87)

Prepared following method D: A suspension of coumarin 10a (30 mg, 0.15 mmol), boronic acid 11n (64 mg, 0.4 mmol) BIPY (10 mg, 0.064 mmol), and Pd(OAc)₂ (7 mg, 0.03 mmol) in AcOH (0.6 mL), THF (0.2 mL) and H₂O (0.1 mL) was heated to 60° C. for 8 h and concentrated to dryness in the Genevac evaporator to afford 3 which was used without purification in the following step. Crude lactone 3n was dissolved in DMF (0.8 mL) and treated with 3,5-dimethylpiperidine (0.1 mL, 0.75 mmol) and heated to 80° C. for 2 h at which point the reaction was complete according to LCMS. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH mL), filtered through a solid supported thiol column and purified by HPLC to afford 4n. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.51-9.54 (m, 1H) 7.60 (s, 1H) 7.50-7.57 (m, 2H) 7.40 (tt, J=7.70, 1.59 Hz, 1H) 6.03 (s, 1H) 6.02 (s, 1H) 4.99 (t, J=9.10 Hz, 1H) 4.30 (d, J=12.52 Hz, 1H) 3.77 (d, J=17.61 Hz, 1H) 3.68 (d, J=2.93 Hz, 3H) 3.65 (d, J=0.98 Hz, 3H) 3.23 (dd, J=15.94, 8.51 Hz, 1H) 3.06 (dd, J=15.65, 6.26 Hz, 1H) 2.93 (dd, J=15.26, 6.85 Hz, 1H) 2.40-2.46 (m, 1H) 1.89 (t, J=11.93 Hz, 1H) 1.63-1.75 (m, 1H) 1.18-1.31 (m, 2H) 0.74-0.89 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 423.2 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=6.12 min, UV₂₅₄=90%.

Compound 141 (Method E) 3-(4-(1H-1,2,4-Triazol-1-yl)phenyl)-3-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one 13m (NCGC00242637, 141)

Prepared by method E: A suspension of cinnamic methyl ester (2m, 224 mg, 0.97 mmol), boronic acid 11a (315 mg, 1.89 mmol) BIPY (30 mg, 0.192 mmol), and Pd(OAc)₂ (30 mg, 0.134 mmol) in AcOH (1.5 mL), THF (0.5 mL) and H₂O (0.25 mL) was heated to 60° C. for 8 h and concentrated to dryness in the Genevac evaporator to afford 12m which was used without purification in the following step. The crude methyl ester was treated with 3,5-dimethylpiperidine (1.34 mL, 9.88 mmol) and 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-1H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine (0.134 g, 0.96 mmol) and heated to 70° C. for 8 h, the reaction mixture was purified by HPLC to afford the amide 13m. LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 433.2 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=5.87 min, UV₂₅₄=99%.

Compound 120 (Method F) 3-(Benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-(3-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-one (14a) (NCGC00189204, 120)

Prepared by method F: To a solution of 4a (0.1 mmol, 43 mg) in dry THF (2 mL) was added NaH (0.2 mmol, 5 mg). After stirring at room temperature for 0.5 h, MeI (56 mg, 0.4 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated at 60° C. for 2 h. The solution was cooled to room temperature. A couple drops of water were added and the mixture was purified by HPLC to give compound 14a. LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 442.4 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=2.35 min, UV₂₅₄=99%.

Compound 105 (Method D) 1-(3,5-Dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-(methylthio)phenyl)propan-1-one

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.38 (d, J=3.13 Hz, 1H) 7.13-7.20 (m, 2H) 7.06-7.13 (m, 2H) 5.98-6.03 (m, 2H) 4.87-4.92 (m, 1H) 4.31 (d, J=12.72 Hz, 1H) 3.73-3.79 (m, 1H) 3.67 (d, J=2.54 Hz, 3H) 3.65 (s, 3H) 3.24-3.28 (m, 1H) 3.06-3.12 (m, 1H) 2.92 (dd, J=15.36, 6.16 Hz, 1H) 2.53-2.57 (m, 1H) 2.40 (s, 3H) 1.83-1.91 (m, 1H) 1.62-1.72 (m, 1H) 1.14-1.37 (m, 2H) 0.73-0.85 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 444.2 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=6.47 min, UV₂₅₄=99%

Compound 83 (Method D) 1-(3,5-Dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(3-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)propan-1-one

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.54 (d, J=9.19 Hz, 1H) 7.77 (s, 1H) 7.64-7.68 (m, 1H) 7.51-7.56 (m, 1H) 7.47 (t, J=7.73 Hz, 1H) 5.99-6.06 (m, 2H) 5.02-5.10 (m, 1H) 4.31 (d, J=13.11 Hz, 1H) 3.74-3.82 (m, 1H) 3.67 (d, J=1.76 Hz, 3H) 3.65 (s, 3H) 3.35-3.47 (m, 1H) 3.19-3.26 (m, 1H) 3.12-3.15 (m, 3H) 2.99-3.10 (m, 1H) 2.83-2.95 (m, 1H) 1.84-1.93 (m, 1H) 1.63-1.75 (m, 1H) 1.13-1.35 (m, 2H) 0.69-0.90 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 476.2 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=5.63 min, UV₂₅₄=99%

Compound 86 (Method D) 1-(3,5-Dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)propan-1-one

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.47 (d, J=3.91 Hz, 1H) 7.54 (d, J=6.65 Hz, 2H) 7.38-7.44 (m, 2H) 6.03 (s, 1H) 6.02 (s, 1H) 5.03 (t, J=7.14 Hz, 1H) 4.31 (d, J=13.11 Hz, 1H) 3.77 (d, J=12.32 Hz, 1H) 3.67 (d, J=3.13 Hz, 3H) 3.65 (d, J=0.78 Hz, 3H) 3.25 (dd, J=15.45, 8.22 Hz, 1H) 3.02-3.10 (m, 1H) 2.92 (dd, J=15.06, 5.67 Hz, 1H) 2.35-2.47 (m, 1H) 1.89 (t, J=12.13 Hz, 1H) 1.63-1.73 (m, 1H) 1.16-1.35 (m, 2H) 0.71-0.89 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 466.2 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=6.72 min, UV₂₅₄=99%

Compound 89 (Method D) 3-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-1-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-one

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.32-9.38 (m, 1H) 7.11-7.21 (m, 4H) 5.97-6.04 (m, 2H) 4.89 (dd, J=12.03, 7.92 Hz, 1H) 4.31 (d, J=14.48 Hz, 1H) 3.75 (d, J=18.00 Hz, 1H) 3.68 (d, J=4.89 Hz, 3H) 3.64-3.66 (m, 3H) 3.32-3.40 (m, 1H) 3.11 (d, J=7.24 Hz, 1H) 2.87 (dd, J=14.18, 7.14 Hz, 1H) 2.36-2.45 (m, 1H) 1.86 (td, J=12.28, 5.77 Hz, 1H) 1.65 (t, J=13.21 Hz, 1H) 1.27-1.38 (m, 2H) 1.22 (d, J=1.76 Hz, 9H) 0.71-0.84 (m, 6H) LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 454.3 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=7.10 min, UV₂₅₄=98%.

Compound 85 (Method D) 3-(3-Bromophenyl)-1-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-one

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.47-9.51 (m, 1H) 7.38 (ddd, J=9.63, 1.71, 1.57 Hz, 1H) 7.27 (dt, J=7.73, 1.03 Hz, 1H) 7.19-7.23 (m, 1H) 7.16 (d, J=7.83 Hz, 1H) 6.03 (t, J=2.18 Hz, 1H) 6.02 (t, J=2.18 Hz, 1H) 4.91-4.96 (m, 1H) 4.27-4.35 (m, 1H) 3.75 (d, J=15.65 Hz, 1H) 3.68 (d, J=4.30 Hz, 3H) 3.66 (s, 3H) 3.17 (dd, J=14.97, 6.55 Hz, 1H) 2.95-3.09 (m, 1H) 2.75-2.88 (m, 1H) 2.37-2.47 (m, 1H) 1.88 (t, J=12.32 Hz, 1H) 1.62-1.75 (m, 1H) 1.24 (s, 2H) 0.74-0.86 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 478.1 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=6.66 min, UV₂₅₄=90%.

Compound 93 (Method D) 1-(3,5-Dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)propan-1-one

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.50 (d, J=4.11 Hz, 1H) 7.31 (t, J=7.83 Hz, 1H) 7.22 (dd, J=8.12, 3.23 Hz, 1H) 7.17 (br. s., 1H) 7.06 (dd, J=8.12, 1.27 Hz, 1H) 6.00-6.03 (m, 2H) 4.96-5.02 (m, 1H) 4.31 (d, J=12.32 Hz, 1H) 3.76 (d, J=14.28 Hz, 1H) 3.67 (d, J=3.52 Hz, 3H) 3.65 (s, 3H) 3.20 (dd, J=15.06, 7.43 Hz, 1H) 3.05 (dd, J=15.85, 6.85 Hz, 1H) 2.87 (dd, J=15.94, 5.77 Hz, 1H) 2.37-2.46 (m, 1H) 1.88 (td, J=12.62, 5.48 Hz, 1H) 1.63-1.74 (m, 1H) 1.18-1.33 (m, 2H) 0.71-0.90 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 482.2 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=6.79 min, UV₂₅₄=95%.

Compound 96 (Method D) 1-(3,5-Dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)propan-1-one

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.45 (s, 1H) 7.32 (t, J=7.14 Hz, 2H) 7.17 (d, J=8.41 Hz, 2H) 6.02 (s, 1H) 6.02 (s, 1H) 4.96 (t, J=7.53 Hz, 1H) 4.31 (d, J=13.11 Hz, 1H) 3.75 (d, J=16.24 Hz, 1H) 3.68 (d, J=4.30 Hz, 3H) 3.65 (d, J=1.57 Hz, 3H) 3.19 (dd, J=15.45, 7.04 Hz, 1H) 3.06 (dd, J=15.65, 6.46 Hz, 1H) 2.89 (dd, J=14.97, 5.58 Hz, 1H) 2.36-2.44 (m, 1H) 1.88 (t, J=11.25 Hz, 1H) 1.63-1.71 (m, 1H) 1.18-1.35 (m, 2H) 0.80 (dd, J=6.46, 1.57 Hz, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 482.2 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=6.79 min, UV₂₅₄=95%.

Compound 101 (Method D) 3-(3-(3,5-Dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropyl)benzoic acid

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.73 (br. s., 1H) 9.44-9.48 (m, 1H) 7.82-7.89 (m, 1H) 7.65 (d, J=7.63 Hz, 1H) 7.46 (t, J=9.68 Hz, 1H) 7.27-7.33 (m, 1H) 6.00-6.04 (m, 2H) 4.97-5.03 (m, 1H) 4.31 (d, J=15.45 Hz, 1H) 3.73-3.81 (m, 1H) 3.67 (d, J=4.69 Hz, 3H) 3.65 (s, 3H) 3.12-3.24 (m, 1H) 2.98 (dd, J=13.79, 7.92 Hz, 1H) 2.76-2.89 (m, 1H) 2.37-2.47 (m, 1H) 1.84-1.92 (m, 1H) 1.62-1.74 (m, 1H) 1.24 (s, 2H) 0.71-0.91 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 442.2 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=5.51 min, UV₂₅₄=98%.

Compound 81 (Method D) N-(4-(3-(3,5-Dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropyl)phenyl)acetamide

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.74 (s, 1H) 9.36 (d, J=2.35 Hz, 1H) 7.29-7.44 (m, 2H) 7.07 (t, J=7.92 Hz, 1H) 6.93 (t, J=8.02 Hz, 1H) 5.99-6.03 (m, 2H) 4.85-4.95 (m, 1H) 4.32 (d, J=13.50 Hz, 1H) 3.72-3.78 (m, 1H) 3.66-3.68 (m, 3H) 3.65 (d, J=0.78 Hz, 3H) 2.90-3.02 (m, 1H) 2.84 (dd, J=15.55, 6.16 Hz, 1H) 2.71 (dd, J=12.91, 6.46 Hz, 1H) 2.37-2.46 (m, 1H) 1.98 (s, 3H) 1.86 (t, J=13.21 Hz, 1H) 1.61-1.73 (m, 1H) 1.11-1.25 (m, 2H) 0.71-0.84 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 455.3 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=5.45 min, UV₂₅₄=99%.

Compound 82 (Method D) N-(3-(3-(3,5-Dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropyl)phenyl)methanesulfonamide

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.38 (s, 1H) 7.08 (t, J=7.83 Hz, 1H) 6.88 (d, J=14.87 Hz, 1H) 6.81 (d, J=6.65 Hz, 1H) 6.73 (dd, J=8.51, 1.86 Hz, 1H) 6.01 (d, J=1.37 Hz, 2H) 5.00 (s, 1H) 4.90 (t, J=7.63 Hz, 1H) 4.32 (d, J=12.72 Hz, 1H) 3.72-3.79 (m, 1H) 3.62-3.68 (m, 6H) 3.32 (s, 3H) 3.28 (d, J=8.61 Hz, 1H) 3.10 (d, J=8.41 Hz, 1H) 2.91 (dd, J=15.06, 6.85 Hz, 1H) 2.35-2.44 (m, 1H) 1.86 (t, J=12.13 Hz, 1H) 1.61-1.70 (m, 1H) 1.13-1.35 (m, 2H) 0.71-0.84 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 491.2 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=5.53 min, UV₂₅₄=85%.

Compound 84 (Method D) 4-(3-(3,5-Dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-1-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-oxopropyl)-N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.48 (d, J=2.93 Hz, 1H) 7.54 (dd, J=8.31, 2.05 Hz, 2H) 7.38-7.44 (m, 2H) 6.00 (s, 1H) 5.99 (s, 1H) 4.98-5.03 (m, 1H) 4.29 (d, J=15.85 Hz, 1H) 3.77-3, (m, 1H) 3.63-3.62 (m, 6H) 3.30-3.34 (m, 1H) 3.18 (d, J=6.46 Hz, 1H) 3.04 (dd, J=15.75, 7.14 Hz, 1H) 2.88 (dd, J=16.82, 5.67 Hz, 1H) 2.52-2.57 (m, 6H) 1.82-1.90 (m, 1H) 1.60-1.70 (m, 1H) 1.16-1.26 (m, 2H) 0.67-0.86 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 505.2 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=5.99 min, UV₂₅₄=85%.

Compound 88 (Method D) 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-one

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.53 (d, J=5.28 Hz, 1H) 7.41-7.46 (m, 1H) 7.39 (t, J=1.66 Hz, 1H) 7.17 (dt, J=8.36, 1.59 Hz, 1H) 6.00-6.04 (m, 2H) 4.90-4.96 (m, 1H) 4.30 (d, J=10.56 Hz, 1H) 3.77 (br. s., 1H) 3.68 (d, J=2.74 Hz, 3H) 3.66 (s, 3H) 3.19 (dd, J=14.97, 8.12 Hz, 1H) 3.02 (dd, J=15.45, 6.65 Hz, 1H) 2.87 (dd, J=14.67, 6.26 Hz, 1H) 2.41-2.46 (m, 1H) 1.89 (t, J=12.42 Hz, 1H) 1.63-1.75 (m, 1H) 1.18-1.30 (m, 2H) 0.74-0.90 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 466.1 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=6.90 min, UV₂₅₄=99%.

Compound 94 (Method D) 1-(3,5-Dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-(3-isopropoxyphenyl)propan-1-one

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.38 (s, 1H) 7.05 (t, J=8.12 Hz, 1H) 6.73-6.80 (m, 2H) 6.59-6.64 (m, 1H) 5.99-6.04 (m, 2H) 4.86-4.92 (m, 1H) 4.44-4.51 (m, 1H) 4.31 (d, J=12.52 Hz, 1H) 3.71-3.81 (m, 1H) 3.67 (d, J=4.89 Hz, 3H) 3.64-3.66 (m, 3H) 3.28 (d, J=10.56 Hz, 1H) 3.10 (d, J=9.00 Hz, 1H) 2.88 (dd, J=16.24, 6.65 Hz, 1H) 2.35-2.44 (m, 1H) 1.82-1.90 (m, 1H) 1.66 (d, J=14.87 Hz, 1H) 1.14-1.29 (m, 6H) 0.73-0.82 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 456.2 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=6.61 min, UV₂₅₄=90%.

Compound 140 (Method D) 3-(Benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-6-methoxyphenyl)propan-1-one

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.35-9.37 (m, 1H) 6.93 (t, J=8.12 Hz, 1H) 6.85 (d, J=16.04 Hz, 1H) 6.71 (d, J=1.17 Hz, 2H) 6.41 (d, J=8.22 Hz, 2H) 5.88-5.91 (m, 2H) 4.93-5.02 (m, 1H) 4.31 (d, J=13.11 Hz, 1H) 3.75-3.79 (m, 1H) 3.70 (d, J=0.98 Hz, 3H) 3.13 (dd, J=15.85, 8.22 Hz, 1H) 2.96 (dd, J=15.55, 6.94 Hz, 1H) 2.83-2.91 (m, 1H) 2.35-2.46 (m, 1H) 1.82-1.90 (m, 1H) 1.62-1.76 (m, 1H) 1.15-1.34 (m, 2H) 0.72-0.91 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 412.1 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=6.11 min, UV₂₅₄=90%.

Compound 100 (Method D) 3-(4-Acetylphenyl)-1-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-one

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.42-9.47 (m, 1H) 7.78 (d, J=8.22 Hz, 2H) 7.33 (d, J=8.22 Hz, 2H) 5.98-6.05 (m, 2H) 4.99-5.04 (m, 1H) 4.31 (d, J=15.06 Hz, 1H) 3.74-3.80 (m, 1H) 3.62-3.70 (m, 6H) 3.14-3.25 (m, 1H) 3.09 (d, J=9.59 Hz, 1H) 2.96 (d, J=9.00 Hz, 1H) 2.55 (d, J=3.91 Hz, 1H) 2.52 (s, 3H) 1.85-1.94 (m, 1H) 1.63-1.76 (m, 1H) 1.20-1.28 (m, 2H) 0.64-0.90 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 440.2 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=5.92 min, UV₂₅₄=90%.

Compound 78 (Method D) 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-3-(2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-1-one

Prepared by method D: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.43 (d, J=4.30 Hz, 1H) 7.22 (d, J=3.72 Hz, 4H) 5.99-6.03 (m, 2H) 4.90-4.95 (m, 1H) 4.30 (d, J=11.93 Hz, 1H) 3.73-3.77 (m, 1H) 3.63-3.69 (m, 6H) 3.11-3.18 (m, 1H) 2.97-3.08 (m, 1H) 2.56 (br. s., 1H), 2.38-2.46 (m, 1H) 1.86 (d, J=11.74 Hz, 1H) 1.61-1.75 (m, 1H) 1.15-1.27 (m, 2H) 0.69-0.92 (m, 6H); LCMS: (electrospray+ve), m/z 432.2 (MH)⁺; HPLC: t_(R)=6.62 min, UV₂₅₄=99%.

Development of a High-Throughput Screening Assay

Methods:

The Drosophila S2 cell line was originally purchased from Invitrogen and was maintained in Schneider's medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated bovine fetal calf serum and antibiotics (Invitrogen). Gal4 DNA binding domain (G4DBD) corresponding to amino acids 1 through 147 of Gal4 protein was PCR amplified to make a fusion construct with mouse RORγt (amino acids 79 to the carboxyl terminal end) lacking its DNA binding domain. The resulting chimeric gene was subcloned into the copper inducible pMT/V5-His A vector (available from Invitrogen). In a similar manner, Gal4 fusion constructs were prepared with mouse RORα (amino acids 142 to end) or Drosophila DHR3 (amino acids 120 to end). Coding sequences for firefly luciferase (available from Promega) were PCR amplified and subcloned into pUAST vector containing Gal4 binding enhancer sequences. pUAST is a commonly used Drosophila vector used by ordinarily skilled practitioners and has been described by Brand et al. (Development 118(2):401-415, 1993), the entire contents of which is incorporated herein in its entirety.

Renilla luciferase construct under the polIII promoter was obtained from Dr. Dasgupta's laboratory (NYU medical center). In order to generate stable cell lines, cells were co-transfected with pMT-G4DBD-RORγt, pMT-G4DBD-RORα, pMT-G4DBD-DHR3, or pMT-G4DBDVP16 and pHygro plasmids (Invitrogen) and screened for resistant colonies in the presence of hygromycin (0.3 mg/mL). More than 150 independent RORγ stable clones with luciferase reporters (pMt-RORγ_luc) were tested for their suitability for the high-throughput screening (HTS) based on the following criteria: high signal-to background ratio in 384- and 1,536-well plates, their high induction rate upon the addition of copper, and RORγ/γt specificity probed by the dsRORγ- or RORγ/γt antagonist-mediated suppression. Positive clones were further transfected with pUAST-firefly luciferase, polIII-Renilla luciferase, and pCoPuro (Iwaki, Figuera et al. 2003) (“Rapid selection of Drosophila S2 cells with the puromycin resistance gene.” Biotechniques 35(3): 482-4, 486.) and selected with puromycin (2.5 ug/ml). Seven clones were finally selected, and one of them (stable clone #25) was subsequently used for large-scale HTS. Using similar methods, stable clones with genomic integration of the luciferase reporters and other reporters were generated such as pMT-RORα_luc, pMT-DHR3_luc, or pMT-VP16_luc.

Results and Discussion:

An activity-based assay system that permits high-throughput screening (HTS) for chemical modulators of RORγt transcriptional activity was developed. Since RORγt is located exclusively in cell nuclei, even when mutations are introduced in the putative ligand binding pocket, RORγt-dependent transcriptional activation, rather than the often used ligand-induced cytoplasm to nucleus translocation of hormone receptor, served as a better read-out. A cell-based assay was used to eliminate cell-impermeable or toxic molecules and to perform screening in a biologically relevant setting. The system employed provided a high signal-to-noise ratio and was able to handle a large-scale screen, as well as be cost-effective. S2 cells were derived from late stage Drosophila melanogaster embryos with hemocyte-like morphology and gene expression profiles (Schneider, I. J Embryol Exp Morphol, 1972, 27, 353-65). They grew at room temperature as a semi-adherent monolayer with no requirement for CO₂, making it easy to apply large sets of small chemical molecules and to transfer cells without trypsin treatment.

Like other hormone receptors, RORγt contains both a DNA binding domain (DBD) and a ligand binding domain (LBD). The DBD was replaced with the heterologous yeast GAL4 DBD, because the endogenous DNA binding sites for RORγt are less well characterized.

The GAL4-RORγt fusion construct was placed under the control of a copper inducible promoter, and stable S2 cell lines with genomic integration of this construct were generated. The copper inducible promoter ensures a tight regulation of GAL4-RORγt expression and allows small molecules to get into the cells prior to its induction, thus increasing their effects on GAL4-RORγt. The reporter cells also carried the firefly luciferase reporter, whose expression is regulated by five copies of the GAL4 binding site enhancer (UAS) and a constitutive heat shock promoter, along with a control plasmid, pol III-driven Renilla luciferase. Pol III-Renilla luciferase was previously shown to serve as an excellent transfection and cell viability control in the S2 cell system. Use of Pol III-Renilla luciferase permitted normalization of RORγt-driven firefly luciferase activity and reduced cytotoxic effects and corrected for potential imprecise dispensation of cells in culture medium (Armknecht, S. et al. Methods Enzymol, 2005, 392, 55-73). When Cu++ was added, the ratio of firefly to Renilla luciferase activity (FR ratio) in these cells increased more than 100-fold compared to control cells lacking GAL4-RORγt (˜34 fold increase compared to GAL4-RORγt cells treated with dsROR). RORγt induces robust transcriptional activation in Drosophila S2 cells in 384-well plates. For test with transient transfection, firefly reporter under GAL4 binding sites and Pol III-Renilla control plasmids were transiently transfected along with dsRNA (75 ng), targeting EYFP or RORy, into both control or pMT-GAL4-RORγt stable S2 cell lines (10,000 cells/well). After three days, copper was added to induce GAL4-RORγt, and dual luciferase activity was measured following overnight incubation. The increase was also observed when the experiment was carried out in 384-well plates, demonstrating that it can be adopted as a high-throughput screen. Co-transfecting dsRNA that targets RORγt suppressed ROR-mediated firefly luciferase induction, demonstrating that this activity is ROR dependent.

In order to confirm that the RORγt function in S2 cells was physiologically relevant, it was first confirmed that Drosophila has a RORγt homologue. Mouse encodes three different ROR proteins, RORα, RORβ, and RORγ. RORγ and RORγt are two isoforms that differ in non-translated N-terminal mRNA sequences. Indeed, Drosophila has one ROR homologue, Drosophila hormone receptor 3 (DHR3) (King-Jones, K. & Thummel, C. S. Nat Rev Genet, 2005, 6, 311-23). Structure-based alignment using BLAST revealed 48% amino acid identity between DHR3 and RORγt.

Next it was confirmed that RORγt ligands are likely present in Drosophila S2 cells. Since many ligands for nuclear hormone receptors are found to be sterols or their derivatives, growth of cells in medium lacking FBS (fetal bovine serum) or medium supplemented with fatty-acid stripped serum (charcoal treated) was attempted. Only a small decrease of the FR ratio was detected in cells grown in this condition, and the results were not conclusive. Previous studies have shown that the introduction of a single amino acid change inside the ligand binding pocket of RORβ abrogates its function as a transcriptional activator, suggesting that RORβ is a ligand-dependent hormone receptor. The crystal structure of the protein strongly suggested that replacement of alanine 269 with amino acids carrying bulkier side chains, such as valine and phenylalanine, would prevent binding of endogenous ligands without affecting the correct folding of the ligand binding domain (Stehlin, C. et al. Embo J, 2001, 20, 5822-31). When the corresponding alanine residue in the putative ligand binding pocket of RORγt was replaced with phenylalanine, the mutant protein was no longer sufficient to induce Th17 cell differentiation when transduced into naive mouse CD4+ T cells, consistent with the presence of cognate RORγt ligand(s) in these cells. The Ala to Phe mutation in RORγt also completely abrogated transcriptional activation of firefly luciferase expression without affecting the transcription of control Renilla luciferase, suggesting that RORγt ligand is present in the Drosophila assay system. Indeed, introduction of alanine to phenylalanine (F) mutation in a putative ligand binding pocket abolishes activity of RORγt in this system. As confirmed by immunoblot, the alanine to phenylalanine mutation did not, however, affect protein stability.

DHR3 is transcriptionally regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and is essential for fly larval development (King-Jones, supra). It has been shown that E75, another 20E-dependent fly nuclear hormone receptor, negatively regulates the function of DHR3 (White, K. P., Hurban, P., Watanabe, T. & Hogness, D. S. Science, 1997, 276, 114-17; Reinking, J. et al. Cell, 2005, 122, 195-207. Indeed, co-expression of E75a or E75b (two Drosophila E75 isoforms) decreased the level of DHR3-mediated transcriptional activation in a dosage-dependent manner. E75 is a hormone receptor having antagonizing activities of DHR3 and RORγt. Transfection of increased amount of E75a or E75b resulted in concomitant reduction of FR ratio. Each well received the same amount of DNA in transfection mix. These fly genes also function as dosage-dependent negative regulators for mouse RORγt activity in S2 cells, without affecting the functions of an irrelevant transcriptional activator VP16, strongly suggesting that the ROR/DHR3 core regulatory mechanism is conserved between mouse and fly systems. Collectively, these data confirm the accuracy and relevance of the above approach utilizing the heterologous S2 cell system in order to identify chemical agonists or antagonists of the mouse hormone receptor RORγt.

Measurement of Luciferase Activity.

Methods: Promega Dual-Glo system is widely used for HTS as the luciferase substrates. Cell culture medium was reduced to the final volume of 10 μl or less and 10 μl of Dual-glo and 10 μl of Stop-glo luciferase substrates were added in a sequencial manner (Promega). Firefly and Renilla luciferase activity was determined by measuring luminescence signals using an automated 384-well plate reader equipped with multiple stack units (such as the Analyst GT or Envision plate readers).

Results and Discussion:

The Dual-Glo luciferase assay system from Promega facilitated measuring luciferase activity in HTS. First, it did not require a washing step, and the luciferase activities of both the firefly and the Renilla could be measured in the same well one after the other. Second, the signals that it produced remained stable for more than two hours, making it possible to measure activity from many different plates for a given experiment. Since the reagents are expensive, the volume of medium was reduced to one third prior to adding luciferase substrates, so that fewer substrates were used. However, when minimizing cost is less of a priority, the luciferase substrates used in the primary assay may be directly added to cells without going through this additional step.

HTS for Identification of RORγ/γt Antagonists Using RORγ/γt-Luc Stable Cell Lines

Methods:

600 G4DBD-RORγ/γt-luc reporter (#25) or G4DBD-VP16-luc reporter cells were distributed into each well of 1,536-well white bottom plates in 4 μl S2 cell culture volume containing hygromicin (300 μg/ml) and puromycin (2 μg/ml). Small compounds in seven different concentrations range from 46 μM to 1.7 nM were pin-transferred (23 n1) by a robot (Inglese et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103:11473-8). After one-hour incubation, 1 μl of culture medium solution containing copper sulfate (to final 0.7 mM) and 10 μM RORγ/γt antagonists were added to each well. After 20-hour incubation at ambient temperature, 1.5 μl firefly luciferase detection mix was added and the luciferase activities were measured in 10 min. ViewLux luminometers were used for measuring luciferase signal.

Results and Discussion:

Even though G4BD-RORγt stable cells with transient transfection of two luciferase constructs were successfully used for small-scale screening and led the present inventors to identify specific RORγ/γt antagonists in Harvard LCCB, it became problematic to apply the same method to larger scale screens with chemical libraries covering more than 250,000 compounds. First, transient transfection method often produced well-to-well variation due to incomplete mixing and unequal distribution of transfection mix. There is also day-to-day variation when preparing the master transfection mix. Second, in order to save reagent and to handle large quantities of chemicals, it was necessary to do the screen with reduced numbers of cells in a smaller culture volume. Moreover, performing the screen with 1,536-well plates is more efficient than performing the screen with 384-well plates. Thus, new RORγ/γt-luc reporter stable cells were developed to eliminate the necessity of repeated transfection and to achieve increased well-to-well consistency. When tested in a 384-well plate, even small numbers of cells (400 cells/well) gave high firefly luciferase signal (thus high RORγ/γt activity), which is suppressed (22-fold reduction when 400 cells are used) by addition of a RORγ/γt antagonist. The new stable cell line systems also turned out to be suitable for HTS in 1,536-well plates, because z′ value is 0.75 when 600 cells are used per well with 10 μl total cell culture volume.

Using RORγ/γt-luc reporter lines, the pilot screen with the LOPAC (Sigma) library was performed through a NIH roadmap program to identify RORγ/γt antagonist compounds. LOPAC contains 1,280 pharmacologically active compounds. Among these, approximately 40 compounds were found as initial hits (˜0.3%). These hits were tested against validation screens to identify RORγ/γt specific compounds. To facilitate a large-scale validation, VP16-luc reporter cell lines with genomic integrations of G4BD-VP16, UASt-ffluc, and polIII-Rluc were developed as discussed earlier. These cells also exhibited robust and consistent VP16 activity in 1,536-well plates (data not shown), and thus can be used as a good control reporter to weed-out compounds inhibiting general transcription, the function of GAL4 DNA binding domain, and a nuclear import of GAL4 chimeric proteins. Indeed, many compounds were identified as initial hits to reduce RORγ/γt activity from the pilot LOPAC screen, but later were found to be non-specific inhibitors, because they reduced both RORγ/γt and VP16 activities. Intriguingly, previously identified RORγ/γt specific antagonists identified by small scale HTS, also selectively inhibited RORγ/γt activity without affecting VP16, confirming their specificity on RORγ/γt. A large-scale screen covering more than 250,000 compounds was carried out against RORγ/γt-luc and VP16-luc reporter systems in parallel to identify RORγ/γt specific antagonists in a systematic manner.

Secondary assays directed toward evaluating the ability of such compounds to suppress mouse or human Th17 cell differentiation are also encompassed herein. Exemplary secondary assays that serve to confirm bona fide RORγ inhibitors include without limitation:

Secondary Screening Lists

-   -   1) S2 cell reporter system: Identified hits from HTS are further         screened and their specificity confirmed by testing against         RORγ-luc, VP16-luc, RORα-luc, and DHR3-luc reporter S2 cell         lines. Compounds either having no activity on VP16, RORα, and         DHR3 or having ten times higher IC₅₀ values on such reporters         are selected for further tests.     -   2) Cytokine induced mouse Th17 cells differentiation. Effects on         mouse endogenous RORγt in a relevant physiological setting were         determined by testing compounds in the Th17 cell differentiation         assay. Compounds having RORγt inhibitory activity are predicted         to suppress Th17 cell differentiation. Th1 or regulatory T cell         differentiation was used as a counter-screen method to select         specific compounds that only affect Th17 cell differentiation         without having pleiotrophic effects on general T cell         proliferation or cytokine production.     -   3) ROR dependent Th17 cell differentiation. Compounds were         further tested, by examining their effects on T cells expressing         RORα or RORγ. Compounds that directly inhibit RORγ are expected         to inhibit RORγ—but not RORα—dependent Th17 cell         differentiation. Compounds affecting IL17a production or ROR         regulatory pathways, however, are expected to inhibit both.     -   4) Human Th17 cell differentiation. Compound effects on human         RORγt will be tested by treating human cord blood CD4 T cells         with select compounds to determine if such compounds alter         differentiation into Th17 lineages.

With aspects of the claimed invention now being generally described, these will be more readily understood by reference to the following examples, which are included merely for purposes of illustration of certain features and embodiments of the presently claimed invention and are not intended to be limiting.

Examples

As detailed above, in order to identify small molecules to antagonize RORγ/γt transcriptional activity, the present inventors developed insect cell line based reporter systems, expressing murine RORγ/γt or closely related transcriptional activators. Since their cognate DNA binding sites were not well characterized, the DNA binding domains (DBD) of RORγ/γt, RORα (mouse homolog for POPγ), and DHR3 (Drosophila orthologue for ROR family proteins) were replaced with the heterologous yeast GAL4 DBD. The transcriptionally active domain of general transcriptional activator VP16 was also fused with GAL4 DBD. The GAL4 fusion constructs were placed under the control of a copper inducible promoter, and stable S2 cell lines with genomic integration of these four reporter constructs were generated. The copper inducible promoter ensures tight regulation of GAL4-fusion protein expression and it allows small molecules to get into the cells prior to protein induction, thus increasing their effects on GAL4 reporters. The stable reporter cell lines also encode the firefly luciferase reporter, whose expression is regulated by five copies of the GAL4 binding site enhancer (UAS), along with the pol III-driven Renilla luciferase reporter. Pol III-Renilla luciferase was included to serve as cell viability control in the S2 cell system (Armknecht, S. et al. Methods Enzymol 392, 55-73 (2005).

From screening a chemical compounds library consisting of 4,812 compounds, including known Bioactives and Prestwick collections, a number of compounds were identified as small molecule inhibitors for the RORγ/γt transcriptional activity.

IC₅₀ Determinations

A cell-based reporter assay was used to detect RORγt-mediated activity. This assay, called RORγt□ employed Drosophila Schneider cells that were stably transfected with two vectors: a gene expressing a fusion of the Gal4 DNA binding domain and RORγt transactivation domain under the control of the metallothionine promoter and a Photinus luciferase reporter regulated by the Gal4 binding site enhancer, UAS. Copper addition to the medium induced expression of the Gal4-RORγt fusion, which subsequently induced expression of the UAS-luciferase reporter. Small molecule inhibitors of RORγt activity were detected by a decrease in luciferase reporter activity. Cells (600/well) were dispensed into white solid 1536-well plates (Greiner) using a solenoid-based dispenser. Following transfer of 23 nL compound or DMSO vehicle by a pin tool, the plates were incubated 1 hr at ambient temperature, and 1 uL/well copper sulfate (700 uM final concentration) was added. The plates were centrifuged 15 s at 1000 RPM and incubated 20 hr at ambient temperature. After addition of 1.5 uL Photinus luciferase detection reagent, the plates were incubated 10 min at ambient temperature and then read by a ViewLux (Perkin Elmer) to detect luminescence. The concentration-response data were fit using a reported algorithm (Wang, Y. et al. Current Chemical Genomics, 2010, 57-66). Efficacy is expressed as % of the maximal response of control inhibitor (Digoxin), set at 100%. IC₅₀ is the concentration at which compound exhibits half-maximal efficacy.

A number of representative amido compounds of this invention were or can be tested for their inhibitory activity. The amido compounds of the invention along with their IC₅₀ and Efficacy values, as determined using conventional methods to those skilled in the art, are listed below in Table 1. For the purpose of Table 1, the IC₅₀ values are expressed as follows:

-   -   ++++ compound exhibited IC₅₀<1 μM     -   +++ compound exhibited IC₅₀ 1-10 μM     -   ++ compound exhibited IC₅₀ 11-50 μM     -   + compound exhibited IC₅₀>50 μM

TABLE 1 IC50 Values for Exemplary Compounds Compd MW MW Efficacy Sample ID # Structure (Calcd) (obsvd) IC₅₀(μM) (%) NCGC00188324  1

427.50 428.20 ++ −96.67 NCGC00188325  2

489.57 490.20 + n/a NCGC00188327  3

427.50 428.20 +++ −98.75 NCGC00188328  4

415.45 416.10 ++ −20.23 NCGC00188329  5

413.47 414.20 ++ −90.41 NCGC00189101  6

438.48 439.20 ++ −65.95 NCGC00189102  7

441.53 442.20 +++ −96.23 NCGC00189103  8

441.53 442.20 +++ −107.46 NCGC00189104  9

441.53 442.40 ++ −63.49 NCGC00189105  10

455.56 456.20 ++ −89.04 NCGC00189106  11

455.56 456.20 ++ −101.75 NCGC00189107  12

457.53 458.20 ++ −90.38 NCGC00189108  13

469.54 470.20 + n/a NCGC00189109  14

489.57 490.20 ++ −70.08 NCGC00189110  15

510.64 511.30 + n/a NCGC00189111  16

517.58 518.20 + n/a NCGC00189112  17

524.62 525.20 + n/a NCGC00189113  18

530.58 531.20 ++ −90.58 NCGC00189114  19

537.59 538.20 ++ −47.46 NCGC00189173  20

443.50 444.10 ++ −44.69 NCGC00189174  21

435.48 436.10 + n/a NCGC00189175  22

441.53 442.20 ++++ −97.67 NCGC00189176  23

441.53 442.20 ++ −76.84 NCGC00189177  24

441.53 442.20 + n/a NCGC00189178  25

401.46 402.20 ++ −108.30 NCGC00189179  26

475.55 476.20 + n/a NCGC00189180  27

461.52 462.20 ++ −80.73 NCGC00189209  28

449.51 450.10 + n/a NCGC00189210  29

435.48 436.10 + n/a NCGC00189211  30

427.50 428.10 ++ −91.31 NCGC00189212  31

471.51 472.10 + n/a NCGC00189213  32

447.49 448.10 + n/a NCGC00238400  33

525.61 526.30 + n/a NCGC00238401  34

449.51 450.30 + n/a NCGC00238427  35*

441.53 442.20 ++++ −90.97 NCGC00238428  36*

441.53 442.10 ++ −91.02 NCGC00238438  37

399.45 400.10 ++ −27.06 NCGC00238439  38

427.50 428.20 ++ −96.25 NCGC00238440  39

401.46 402.20 ++ −64.87 NCGC00238441  40

508.55 509.20 + null NCGC00238447  41

443.50 444.20 ++++ −91.47 NCGC00238448  42

442.52 443.20 + n/a NCGC00238449  43

481.47 482.10 +++ −92.48 NCGC00188314  44

473.62 474.30 + n/a NCGC00188319  45

505.62 506.30 + n/a NCGC00189181  46

349.41 350.10 + n/a NCGC00189194  47

337.47 338.10 + n/a NCGC00189195  48

359.47 360.10 + n/a NCGC00189196  49

335.41 336.10 + n/a NCGC00189206  50

349.41 350.10 + n/a NCGC00189207  51

337.47 338.20 + n/a NCGC00189208  52

337.47 338.20 + n/a NCGC00189217  53

323.44 324.10 + n/a NCGC00189218  54

323.44 324.10 + n/a NCGC00238397  55

351.49 352.30 + n/a NCGC00238398  56

323.44 324.30 +++ −30.48 NCGC00188315  57

397.52 398.20 +++ −96.95 NCGC00188321  58

443.54 444.20 ++ −98.17 NCGC00189186  59

413.52 414.20 + n/a NCGC00189187  60

413.52 414.20 +++ −91.66 NCGC00189189  61

383.49 384.20 +++ −95.44 NCGC00189190  62

427.55 428.20 +++ −100.12 NCGC00189197  63

397.52 398.20 +++ −93.48 NCGC00189198  64

425.57 426.30 +++ −99.32 NCGC00189199  65

433.55 434.30 +++ −92.44 NCGC00189200  66

433.55 434.30 ++ −51.96 NCGC00189201  67

459.59 460.30 ++ −71.98 NCGC00189203  68

417.51 418.20 + null NCGC00189205  69

443.54 444.30 ++ −45.58 NCGC00238412  71

307.39 308.20 + null NCGC00238415  72

440.59 441.40 +++ −96.81 NCGC00238435  73

411.55 412.20 ++++ −93.64 NCGC00238436  74

427.55 428.20 +++ −94.10 NCGC00238437  75

413.52 414.20 +++ −93.76 NCGC00238443  76

455.56 456.20 ++++ −95.37 NCGC00242601  77

427.55 428.30 +++ −97.81 NCGC00242602  78

431.96 432.20 +++ −98.04 NCGC00242604  80

469.58 470.30 ++++ −93.97 NCGC00242605  81

454.57 455.30 ++++ −96.35 NCGC00242607  82

490.62 491.20 ++++ −95.39 NCGC00242608  83

475.61 476.20 +++ −93.79 NCGC00242609  84

504.65 505.20 ++ −102.71 NCGC00242610  85

476.42 478.10 +++ −103.27 NCGC00242611  86

465.52 466.20 ++++ −92.28 NCGC00242612  87

422.53 423.20 ++++ −96.62 NCGC00242613  88

466.41 466.10 +++ −97.24 NCGC00242614  89

453.63 454.30 +++ −95.41 NCGC00242615  90

496.65 497.30 +++ −99.10 NCGC00242616  91

503.64 504.20 +++ −92.60 NCGC00242617  92

503.64 504.20 +++ −94.56 NCGC00242618  93

481.52 482.20 +++ −93.26 NCGC00242619  94

455.60 456.20 +++ −90.55 NCGC00242620  95

480.61 481.20 +++ −93.06 NCGC00242621  96

481.52 482.50 +++ −94.77 NCGC00242622  97

466.41 466.10 ++ −61.47 NCGC00242624  99

441.53 442.20 +++ −92.59 NCGC00242625 100

439.56 440.20 ++++ −93.60 NCGC00242626 101

441.53 442.20 +++ −88.72 NCGC00242627 102

415.51 416.20 +++ −99.94 NCGC00242628 103

431.96 432.20 +++ −95.80 NCGC00242629 104

477.51 478.20 +++ −97.26 NCGC00242630 105

443.61 444.20 ++++ −94.73 NCGC00242635 109

451.49 452.20 +++ −97.27 NCGC00242617 110

503.64 504.30 +++ −94.56 NCGC00242606 111

440.54 441.20 +++ −96.74 NCGC00189182 112

395.50 396.20 ++ −106.12 NCGC00189183 113

395.50 395.20 ++ −81.47 NCGC00189184 114

409.53 410.20 ++ −87.26 NCGC00189188 115

397.48 398.20 ++ −91.54 NCGC00189191 116

395.50 396.20 ++ −48.18 NCGC00189192 117

443.55 444.20 +++ −94.40 NCGC00189193 118

417.51 418.20 +++ −94.94 NCGC00189202 119

411.50 412.20 ++ −94.28 NCGC00189204 120

441.53 442.40 +++ −92.99 NCGC00189214 121

397.48 398.20 +++ −97.51 NCGC00189215 122

383.45 384.20 + n/a NCGC00238395 123

465.55 466.30 +++ −98.01 NCGC00238399 124

517.63 518.30 +++ −94.09 NCGC00238402 125

381.48 382.30 ++ −51.65 NCGC00238403 126

381.48 382.30 ++ −43.47 NCGC00238404 127

401.89 402.20 ++ −27.07 NCGC00238405 128

447.54 448.30 ++ −80.02 NCGC00238406 129

447.54 448.30 ++ −76.87 NCGC00238407 130

411.50 412.30 ++ −77.49 NCGC00238408 131

493.35 494.20 ++ −33.22 NCGC00238409 132

385.44 386.30 +++ −30.37 NCGC00238410 133

438.53 453.30 +++ −103.21 NCGC00238442 134

455.56 456.20 +++ −96.39 NCGC00238444 135

485.58 486.30 +++ −96.55 NCGC00238445 136

480.57 481.20 +++ −90.05 NCGC00238446 137

498.58 499.30 ++ −98.51 NCGC00238450 138

431.54 432.20 +++ −94.57 NCGC00242631 139

451.52 452.20 ++++ −94.52 NCGC00242636 140

411.50 412.10 ++++ −96.47 NCGC00242637 141

432.53 433.20 ++ −105.50 NCGC00242639 143

399.47 400.10 ++ −86.36 NCGC00242640 144

399.47 400.10 ++ −97.33 NCGC00242641 145

399.47 400.10 +++ −79.73 NCGC00242642 146

432.52 433.10 +++ −94.07 NCGC00242648 147

403.48 404.20 ++ −88.07 NCGC00238416 149

439.60 440.30 +++ −93.79 NCGC00242649 150

441.57 442.20 +++ −91.61 NCGC00242650 151

477.65 478.20 + −118.13 NCGC00242652 152

423.56 424.20 ++ −50.66 NCGC00242653 153

423.56 424.20 +++ −36.52 NCGC00242654 154

481.68 482.30 + n/a NCGC00242655 155

481.68 482.20 + n/a NCGC00242656 156

449.57 450.20 ++ −99.89 NCGC00242657 157

447.60 448.20 +++ −94.44 *The stereochemistry is not confirmed.

Th17 Assay

Effects of compound derivatives at various concentrations on mouse Th17 polarization. Percentage of DMSO treated IL-17a producing cells was set at 100. Naive mouse CD4 T cells (CD25⁻, CD62L⁺, and CD44^(int-high)) were sorted and cultured with CD3/CD28 stimulatory antibodies in the presence of TGFβ (0.1 ng/ml) and IL6 (20 ng/ml). Compounds were added on Day 1 and cells were analyzed on Day 4. For intracellular cytokine staining, cells were incubated for 5 h with phorbol ester (50 ng/ml; Sigma), ionomycin (500 ng/ml; Sigma) and GolgiStop (BD). When needed, surfaces were stained by incubation for 15 min on ice with PECy7-conjugated CD4 (BD Biosciences). The Cytofix/Cytoperm buffer set (BD) was used for intracellular staining. Cells were fixed and made permeable for 30 min on ice and were stained for 30 min on ice in permeabilization buffer with Alexa647-conjugated anti-IL17 (eBioscience) and PE-conjugated anti-IFNg (eBioscience). An LSR II (BD Biosciences) and FlowJo software (Tree Star) were used for flow cytometry. RORg IC₅₀ value acquired from the S2 cell reporter assay is listed for comparison.

A number of representative amido compounds of this invention were or can be tested for their Th17 inhibitory activity. The exemplary amido compounds of the invention along with their Th17 and S2 RORg IC₅₀ values, as determined using conventional methods to those skilled in the art, are listed below in Table 2. For the purpose of Table 2, the IC₅₀ values are expressed as follows:

-   -   ++++ compound exhibited TH17 IC₅₀<1 μM     -   +++ compound exhibited TH17 IC₅₀ 1-10 μM     -   ++ compound exhibited TH17IC₅₀ 11-20 μM     -   + compound exhibited TH17 IC₅₀>20 μM     -   **** compound exhibited RORg IC₅₀<1 μM     -   *** compound exhibited RORg IC_(so) 1-10 μM     -   ** compound exhibited RORg IC₅₀ 11-20 μM     -   * compound exhibited RORg IC₅₀>20 μM

TABLE 2 Th17 and RORγ S2 Cell IC₅₀ values for Exemplary Compounds S2 cell RORg IC₅₀ ID Compd ID Th 17 IC₅₀ μM μM NCGC00188324 1 + ** NCGC00189103 8 +++ *** NCGC00189175 22 ++++ **** NCGC00238427 35 ++++ **** NCGC00238447 41 ++++ **** NCGC00238448 42 + * NCGC00238449 43 +++ *** NCGC00238397 55 * NCGC00188315 57 +++ *** NCGC00189186 59 * NCGC00189187 60 +++ *** NCGC00189189 61 + *** NCGC00189197 63 + *** NCGC00189198 64 *** NCGC00189199 65 *** NCGC00189200 66 ** NCGC00189201 67 ** NCGC00189205 69 + * NCGC00238415 72 ++++ *** NCGC00238435 73 ++++ **** NCGC00238436 74 ++++ *** NCGC00238437 75 ++++ *** NCGC00238443 76 ++++ *** NCGC00189188 115 + * NCGC00189192 117 *** NCGC00189193 118 *** NCGC00189202 119 ** NCGC00189204 120 +++ *** NCGC00189214 121 + *** NCGC00238399 124 *** NCGC00238442 134 ++++ *** NCGC00238444 135 +++ *** NCGC00238445 136 +++ *** NCGC00238446 137 + ** NCGC00238450 138 +++ *** NCGC00238416 149 ***

The chemical structures of three related compounds that were identified as RORγ/RORγt inverse agonists using the S2 cell RORγ reporter chemical screen are shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows a FACS plot analysis demonstrating that RORγ inhibitory compounds NCGC00166547 and NCGC00166488 (20 μM) suppress mouse Th17 cell differentiation, as measured by IL17a production, when compared to DMSO treated cells. Naive CD4 T cells (CD25⁻, CD62L⁺, and CD44^(int-high)) were sorted and cultured with CD3/CD28 stimulatory antibodies in the presence of TGFβ (0.1 ng/ml) and IL6 (20 ng/ml). Compounds were added on Day 1 and cells were analyzed on Day 4. For intracellular cytokine staining, cells were incubated for 5 h with phorbol ester (50 ng/ml; Sigma), ionomycin (500 ng/ml; Sigma) and GolgiStop (BD). When needed, surfaces were stained by incubation for 15 min on ice with PECy7-conjugated CD4 (BD Biosciences). The Cytofix/Cytoperm buffer set (BD) or FoxP3 staining kit (eBioscience) were used for intracellular staining. Cells were fixed and made permeable for 30 min on ice and were stained for 30 min on ice in permeabilization buffer with Alexa647-conjugated anti-IL17 (eBioscience), PE-conjugated anti-IFNg (eBioscience), and/or PE-conjugated anti-FoxP3 (eBioscience). An LSR II (BD Biosciences) and FlowJo software (Tree Star) were used for flow cytometry.

FIG. 4 shows a FACS plot analysis demonstrating that treatment with 20 μM NCGC00166547 does not inhibit Th1 differentiation, as measured by IFNγ production, from naive CD4 T cells. These results suggest that NCGC00166547 does not inhibit general T cell proliferation or cytokine production. For Th1 differentiation, IL12 (10 ng/ml) and IL2 (10 U) was added to naive CD4 T cell cultures instead of TGFβ and IL6.

As shown in FIG. 5, compounds 166547 and 166488 inhibit RORγ overexpression dependent, but not RORα dependent, IL17a production in human CD4 T cells. These findings demonstrate their specificity for inhibition of RORγ activity. Briefly, CD3+CD4+CD45RA+ naive human T cells were isolated from peripheral blood derived from healthy donors. The naive T cells were cultured in XVIVO medium for 7 days in the presence of IL2 and stimulatory CD3 and CD28 antibodies. Cells were infected with lentivirus encoding human RORα or RORγ and compounds or DMSO were added on day 2. FACS plot analysis is shown after gating on GFP expressing (virus infected) cells.

FIG. 6 shows FACs plots revealing that Compound NCGC00238427 selectively inhibits human RORγt induced Th17 polarization. See FIG. 6A. The results depict flow cytometry of IL-17a and IFN-γ production by cord blood naive CD4⁺ T cells (CD45RO⁻CD45RA⁺CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁻HLA-DR⁻)transduced with human RORαd-IRES-GFP or human RORγt-IRES-GFP on day 1 and analyzed on day 6. GFP expressing cells were gated for analysis. DMSO or NCGC00238427 (3 μM) was added 6-8 h after viral transduction. As shown in FIG. 6B, Compound NCGC00238427 inhibits human Th17 cell differentiation at as low as 1 μM. The results depict flow cytometry of IL-17a and IFN-γ production by human naive cord blood T cells (CD45RO⁻D45RA⁺CD3⁺CD4⁺CD25⁻HLA-DR⁻), which were cultured for six days in the presence of IL2, IL23 and ILβ, and with various concentrations of TGFβ (ng/mL). DMSO or NCGC00238427 were added 16 hours after the cytokine addition. IL-17a-APC (eBio64CAP17 eBioscience) and IFN-γ-PECy7 (45.B3 eBioscience) were used for analysis.

FIG. 7 shows that NCGC00238427 inhibits human Th17 cell memory cells expression of IL-17a and is, therefore, important for maintenance of human Th17 cells. Human memory (CD45RO⁺CD45RA⁻CD3⁺CD4⁺CCR6⁺CD161⁺) cells were purified from healthy donor peripheral blood samples and were cultured in the presence of IL-10, IL-23 and IL-2 for 6 days with or without NCGC00238427 (3 uM). Intracellular staining for IFN-γ or IL-17a in memory CD4⁺T cells from multiple donors, assessed on day 6. Each symbol (n=11 or 9, respectively) indicates a separate donor. Statistical analysis was by a two-tailed unpaired Student's t test; IL-17a⁻IFN-γ⁺, not significant and IL-17a⁺IFN-γ^(+/−), p=0.02.

In vitro competition assays have, furthermore, shown that compounds described herein, such as NCGC00166547, directly bind to human RORγt. To demonstrate this binding property, recombinant human RORγ LBD was loaded with fluorescently-labeled 25-hydroxycholesterol in the presence of various concentrations of NCGC00166547, and fluorescence polarization was measured. The presence of increasing concentrations of NCGC00166547 was correlated with displacement of the fluorescently-labeled 25-hydroxycholesterol from the LBD.

From the foregoing description, various modifications and changes in the compositions and methods of this invention will occur to those skilled in the art. All such modifications coming within the scope of the appended claims are intended to be included therein.

All publications, including but not limited to patents and patent applications, cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein as though fully set forth.

The chemical names of compounds of invention given in this application are generated using Open Eye Software's Lexichem naming tool, Symyx Renassance Software's Reaction Planner or MDL's ISIS Draw Autonom Software tool and not verified. Preferably, in the event of inconsistency, the depicted structure governs. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for preventing, treating or ameliorating in a mammal a disease or condition that is causally related to RORγt activity in vivo, which comprises administering to the mammal an effective disease-treating or condition-treating amount of a compound according to formula I:

wherein each n1 and n2 is independently 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; each R^(1a) and R^(1b) is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or CN; or R^(1a) and R^(1b) joined together to form cycloalkyl ring; R² is H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl; or one of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is joined to the C of CR² to form a cyclopropyl ring; or R² is joined to the C of CR^(1a)R^(1b) to form a cyclopropyl ring; each R³ and R⁴ is independently selected from H, OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted acylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkythio, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylarylamino, substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, sulfo, substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl, substituted sulfinyl, substituted sulfanyl, substituted or unsubstituted aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido, substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thiol; or any two adjacent R³ groups, or any two adjacent R⁴ groups may joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylalkyl; or R⁵ and R⁶, together with the N they are attached to, form a 4-12 membered substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof; and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl, and substituted and unsubstituted phenyl.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein one of R⁵ and R⁶ is H or Me; and the other is independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted and unsubstituted cycloalkyl, and substituted and unsubstituted phenyl.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkyl.
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from unsubstituted alkyl.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, Me, Et, n-Pr, i-Pr, n-Bu, and t-Bu.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, and alkyl substituted with hydroxyl, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, cylcloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.
 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, Me, Et, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, aminoethyl, aminopropyl, dimethylaminoethyl, dimethylaminopropyl, piperidinoethyl, morpholinoethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, benzyl, phenethyl, and furanylmethyl.
 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, and cycloalkyl.
 10. The method according to claim 1, wherein each R⁵ and R⁶ is independently selected from H, and cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.
 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein R⁵ is H; and R⁶ is selected from hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, aminoethyl, aminopropyl, dimethylaminoethyl, dimethylaminopropyl, piperidinoethyl, morpholinoethyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, phenethyl, and furanylmethyl.
 12. The method according to claim 1, wherein R⁵ and R⁶ are joined together to form a 4-12 membered substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl.
 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound is according to formula Ia:

wherein Cy is substituted or unsubstituted 4-12 membered substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl; and wherein n1, n2, R^(1a), R^(1b), R², R³, and R⁴ are as in claim 1; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof; and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.
 14. The method according to claim 13, wherein Cy is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperizinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, indolinyl, or azepinyl, unsubstituted or substituted with alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyl, CN, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, amido, acyl, aroyl, or —CO-alkoxy.
 15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound is according to formula IIa, IIb, IIc, IId, IIe, or IIf:

and wherein n1, n2, R^(1a), R^(1b), R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are as in claim 1; and each R^(5a) and R^(5b) is independently H, phenyl, or substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl.
 16. The method according to any one of claims 1-15, wherein n2 is 1, 2, or
 3. 17. The method according to any one of claims 1-15, wherein n2 is 1, 2, or 3; and each R⁴ is independently selected from halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, CN, OH, and C₁-C₆ alkoxy.
 18. The method according to any one of claims 1-15, wherein n2 is 1, 2, or 3; and each R⁴ is independently selected from Cl, Me, OH, and C₁-C₆ alkoxy.
 19. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound is according to formula III:

wherein and wherein n1, R^(1a), R^(1b), R², R³, and R⁴, are as in claim 1; n2 is 1, 2, or 3; A is C, N, O, or S; m is 0 or 1; each R^(5a) is alkyl, substituted alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CN, alkoxyalkyl, amido, hydroxyl, alkoxy or substituted alkoxy; and t is 0, 1, 2, or 3; R^(7a) is OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted acylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkythio, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylarylamino, substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, sulfo, substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl, substituted sulfinyl, substituted sulfanyl, substituted or unsubstituted aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido, substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thio; and R^(7b) is R⁴; or any two adjacent R⁴ and R^(7b) groups, may joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof; and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.
 20. A compound according to formula III:

wherein A is C, N, O, or S; m is 0 or 1; n1 is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; n2 is 1, 2, or 3; each R^(1a) and R^(1b) is independently H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or CN; or R^(1a) and R^(1b) joined together to form cycloalkyl ring; R² is H, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or aryl; or one of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is joined to the C of CR² to form a cyclopropyl ring; or R² is joined to the C of CR^(1a)R^(1b) to form a cyclopropyl ring; each R³ and R⁴ is independently selected from H, OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted acylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkythio, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylarylamino, substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, sulfo, substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl, substituted sulfinyl, substituted sulfanyl, substituted or unsubstituted aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido, substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thiol; or any two adjacent R³ groups, any two adjacent R⁴ groups, or any two adjacent R⁴ and R^(7b) groups, may joined together to form a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; each R^(5a) is alkyl, substituted alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CN, alkoxyalkyl, amido, hydroxyl, alkoxy or substituted alkoxy; and t is 0, 1, 2, or 3; R^(7a) is OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted acylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkythio, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylarylamino, substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, sulfo, substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl, substituted sulfinyl, substituted sulfanyl, substituted or unsubstituted aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido, substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thio; and R^(7b) is H, OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted acylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkythio, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylarylamino, substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, sulfo, substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl, substituted sulfinyl, substituted sulfanyl, substituted or unsubstituted aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido, substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thio; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof; and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof; provided that i) when t is 1, m is 1, A is C, each of R^(1a), R^(1b) and R² is H, R⁴ is 4-OMe, and one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH and the other is OMe; then R^(5a) is other than 2-Me; ii) when t is 1, m is 1, A is N, and each of R^(1a), R^(1b) and R² is H, R⁴ is OMe, one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH and the other is OMe; then R^(5a) is other than 4-Ph; iii) when each of R^(1a), R^(1b), R² and R³ is H, one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH, Cl, Br, Me, or F, and the other is H; then t is other than 0, and R^(5a) is other than benzyl, acetyl, cyclopentyl, Me, OH, CH₂OMe, CH₂OH, CH₂CH₂OMe, CH₂CH₂OH, OMe, CO₂Me, CO₂Et, or CONH₂; iv) when t is O, each of R^(1a), R^(1b) and R² is H, R⁴ is 4-OMe or 4-Me, and one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH and the other is OMe or Me; then R³ is other than 4-OMe, 4-NMe₂, or 3,4-methylenedioxy; v) the (R³)_(n1)-Ph- group is other than substituted or unsubstituted benzopyranyl; vi) when each of R^(1a), R^(1b), R² and R³ is H, one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH, OMe, Cl, Br, Me, or F, and the other is H; then one of (R³)_(n1)-Ph- group is other than unsubstituted phenyl; and vii) when each of R^(1a), R^(1b), R² and R³ is H, one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OMe, and the other is H; then one of (R³)_(n1)-Ph- group is other than unsubstituted naphthyl.
 21. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-20, wherein each of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is independently OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, substituted or unsubstituted acyl, substituted or unsubstituted acylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkylamino, substituted or unsubstituted alkythio, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylarylamino, substituted or unsubstituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, sulfo, substituted sulfo, substituted sulfonyl, substituted sulfinyl, substituted sulfanyl, substituted or unsubstituted aminosulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylsulfonyl, substituted or unsubstituted arylsulfonyl, azido, substituted or unsubstituted carbamoyl, carboxyl, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted dialkylamino, halo, nitro, and thio.
 22. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-20, wherein each of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is independently OH, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy, CN, halo, amido, or haloalkyl.
 23. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-20, wherein each of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is independently halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, CN, OH, or C₁-C₆ alkoxy.
 24. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-20, wherein each of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is independently Cl, F, Me, CF₃, CN, OH, or OMe.
 25. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-20, wherein one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH; and the other is alkoxy.
 26. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-20, wherein each of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH or alkoxy.
 27. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-20, wherein one of R^(7a) and R^(7b) is OH; and the other is OMe.
 28. The method or compound according to any one of claims 1-27, wherein R^(1a) and R^(1b) is independently H, CN, or Me.
 29. The method or compound according to any one of claims 1-27, wherein each of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is H or Me.
 30. The method or compound according to any one of claims 1-27, wherein one of R^(1a) and R^(1b) is H; and the other is CN.
 31. The method or compound according to any one of claims 1-27, wherein m is
 0. 32. The method or compound according to any one of claims 1-27, wherein m is 1; and A is C or N.
 33. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-32, wherein R⁴ is H, alkyl, substituted alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, amido, hydroxyl, cyano, or alkoxy.
 34. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-32, wherein R⁴ is H, halo, C₁-C₆ alkyl, CN, OH, or C₁-C₆ alkoxy.
 35. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-32, wherein R⁴ is H, Cl, F, Me, CF₃, CN, OH, or OMe.
 36. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-35, wherein the compound is according to formula IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVe, or IVf:

and wherein n1, R², R³, R⁵, and R⁶ are as in claim 1; and t and R^(5a) are as in claim 19 or
 20. 37. The method or compound according to any one of claims 1-36, wherein n1 is 1, 2 or
 3. 38. The method or compound according to any one of claims 1-37, wherein each R³ is independently selected from halo, amino, substituted amino, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, CN, OH, and substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy.
 39. The method or compound according to any one of claims 1-37, wherein each R³ is independently selected from halo, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, CN, OH, and substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkoxy.
 40. The method or compound according to any one of claims 1-37, wherein n1 is 1; and R³ is NMe₂.
 41. The method or compound according to any one of claims 1-37, wherein n1 is 1; and R³ is Cl, F, Me, Et, i-Pr, OMe, CF₃, CN or OH.
 42. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-41, wherein the compound is according to formula Va, Vb, Vc, Vd, Ve, or Vf:

and wherein R², R⁵, and R⁶ are as in claim 1; t and R^(5a) are as in claims 19 or 20; and n3 is 1, 2 or
 3. 43. The method or compound according to any one of claims 1-42, wherein R² is H, OH, substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₆ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl.
 44. The method or compound according to any one of claims 1-42, wherein R² is H, Me, OH, or Ph.
 45. The method or compound according to any one of claims 1-42, wherein R² is H.
 46. The method or compound according to any one of claims 1-42, wherein R² is OH.
 47. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-46, wherein t is
 0. 48. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-46, wherein t is 1 or 2; and each R^(5a) is independently OH, Ph, benzyl, or Me.
 49. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-46, wherein t is 1; and R^(5a) is Me, Et, n-Pr, or n-Bu.
 50. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-46, wherein t is 1; and R^(5a) is 3-Me, 3-Et, 3-n-Pr, or 3-n-Bu.
 51. The method or compound according to any one of claims 19-46, wherein t is 2; and one R^(5a) is 3-Me and the other is 5-Me.
 52. The method according to any one of claims 19-51, wherein R⁵ is Me, or Et.
 53. The method according to any one of claims 19-52, wherein R⁶ is Me, Et, n-Pr, n-Bu, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, or n-heptyl.
 54. The method according to claim 1 or the compound according to claim 20, wherein the compound is according to formula VIa, VIb, VIc, VId, VIe, or VIf:

and wherein R^(5b) is H or Me; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof; and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.
 55. The method according to claim 1 or the compound according to claim 20, wherein the compound is according to formula VIIa, VIIb, or VIIc:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof; and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.
 56. The method according to claim 1 or the compound according to claim 20, wherein the compound is according to formula VIIIa, VIIIb, VIIIc, VIIId, or VIIIe:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof, and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.
 57. The method according to claim 1 or the compound according to claim 20, wherein the compound is according to formula IXa, IXb, or IXc:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or prodrug thereof; and stereoisomers, isotopic variants and tautomers thereof.
 58. The method according to claim 1 or the compound accound according to claim 20, wherein the compound is any one of compounds listed in Table
 1. 59. A compound selected from compounds listed in Table
 1. 60. The method according to claim 1 wherein the compound is any one of compounds listed in Table 1 with Compound ID 7, 8, 22, 41, 62, 63, 65, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 118, 121, 134, 135, 136, 138, or
 149. 61. A compound selected from compounds listed in Table 1, wherein compound ID is 7, 8, 22, 41, 62, 63, 65, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 118, 121, 134, 135, 136, 138, or
 149. 62. A pharmaceutical composition of compound according to any one of claims 1-61.
 63. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease or condition is autoimmune disease.
 64. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease or condition is inflammatory disease.
 65. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease or condition is selected from arthritis, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, uveitis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, asthma, bronchitis, allergic rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, H. pylori infections and ulcers resulting from such infection, and inflammatory bowel diseases.
 66. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease or condition is selected from Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, sprue and food allergies.
 67. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease or condition is selected from multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
 68. The method of claim 1, wherein the disease or condition is selected from rheumatoid arthritis or collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). 